Constitutional law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1022 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Constitutional law in the UK is a varied and interesting topic, largely because of the peculiarities of the UK constitutional system. This essay will consider the issues surrounding constitutions, their definition, purpose and specifically whether the UK can be considered to have a constitution. There are several versions of the definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in a legal context. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Constitutional law" essay for you Create order Bradley and Ewing consider that there are two meanings to the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one a wider construction and the other a narrower viewpoint. The narrower of the two meanings defines a constitution as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A document having a special legal sanctity which sets out the framework and the principal functions of the organs of government within the state and declares the principles by which those organs must operate.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1] The key element of this definition is the requirement that the constitution is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"documentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, that it is written down in a codified form. Almost every country in the world has a written constitution which is contained within one document as this definition suggests, and in fact there are only three states who have an unwritten constitution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the United Kingdom, Israel and New Zealand.[2] According to this narrow definition, these states have no constitution as it is not written down in a d ocument. Bradley and Ewing also discuss a wider definition of the term, which would encompass the constitutions of the UK, Israel and New Zealand: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The whole system of government of a country, the collection of rules which establish and regulate and govern the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [3] Under this meaning there is no need for the constitution to be written down or codified in a single document. Interestingly the same, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"widerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, definition is adopted in the Oxford English Dictionary, which makes no mention of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"documentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The system or body of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state or body politic is constituted and governed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] The purpose of a constitution is to set out an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enduring statement of fundamental principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[5] It is around these fundamental principles that the law of the country is based and theor etically, as long as the fundamentals of the constitution are adhered to, the basic acknowledged rights of the people of that country will be met. A constitution will be the supreme law of a country, and will override any other law which is enacted. Another purpose of a constitution is to act as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for other legislation. Bradley and Ewing state that that around any constitution will be a variety of rules and customs which will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“adjust the operation of the constitution to changing conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[6] In this way, a constitution can provide the basic, most important rules for a country which will always remain true, and still be kept up to date by altering the legislation around it to changing circumstances. Outside of the legal context, there is also a sense of nationalism in having a constitution. For example, the American Constitution is well known, and contributes significantly to a sense of pride that Americ ans feel that their country preserves their peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most fundamental rights. This is somewhat behind the fact that the British public are weighted against signing a European Constitution, as this would identify them more with Europe than with Britain. In fact, on more than one occasion both as Chancellor of the Exchequer and as Prime Minister, Gordon Brown has commented that a codified British Constitution might strengthen the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sense of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Britishnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[7] Considering the lack of a precise definition of a constitution, it is not surprising that many people question whether Britain actually has one. If we take the narrower meaning, that a constitution must be in a codified written document then the UK clearly does not have one. In contrast the wider definition would suggest that we do in fact qualify as having a constitution. There is even some debate as to whether the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitution can e ven be considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unwrittenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Lord Scarman comments that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unwrittenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but hidden and difficult to findà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[8] However, we have also seen that the purpose of a constitution is to provide a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supremeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law, which overrides all others. In the UK, the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty prevents there being a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supreme lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, as Parliament may not bind itself or future Parliaments. To create a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"supreme lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ would surely do this. UK law can be changed relatively easily and is therefore much more flexible than a constitution is meant to be, for after all a constitution is meant to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"enduringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is therefore this writerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion that whilst the UK clearly has laws which provide for the fundamental right and freedoms of our people, this unfortu nately cannot be classed as a constitution as such as it is not codified and not meant to be an overriding law in the same way as, for example, the American Constitution. This does not in any way detract from the greatness of the UK legal system, and indeed, as Bradley and Ewing state, it has been called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one of the most successful political structures ever devisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[9] Bibliography Bogdanor, Vernon Stefan Vogenauer, Enacting a British Constitution: Some Problems, P.L. 2008, Spr, 38-57 Bradley Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Longman, London: 2007 Carroll, Alex, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Longman: London: 2007 De Wet, Erika, The International Constitutional Order, I.C.L.Q. 2006, 55(1), 51-76 Jowell, Jeffrey Dawn Oliver, The Changing Constitution, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2007 Turpin, Colin Adam Tomkins, British Government and the Constitution, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge: 2007 https:/ /dictionary.oed.com (as accessed on 10/11/08) www.westlaw.co.uk (as accessed on 10/11/08) 1 Footnotes [1] Bradley Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Longman, London: 2007, p. 4 [2] Carroll, Alex, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Longman: London: 2007, p.17 [3] Wheare, Modern Constitutions, p.1, quoted in Bradley and Ewing, Op cit (fn 4), p.4 [4] https://dictionary.oed.com (as accessed on 10/11/08) [5] Turpin, Colin Adam Tomkins, British Government and the Constitution, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge: 2007, p.4 [6] Bradley Ewing, op cit (fn 1), p.5 [7] See Bogdanor, Vernon Stefan Vogenauer, Enacting a British Constitution: Some Problems, P.L. 2008, Spr, p. 39 [8] Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution, 1992, p.4 (Quoted in Turpin op cit fn 5, p.29) [9] Bradley Ewing, op cit (fn 1) p. 4

Police Enforcement And The Law Enforcement - 2570 Words

Throughout law enforcement history there has been events that have occurred or changed made to better law enforcement for both the officer and the community. Since the early 1900s, law enforcement has been a part of our society and been there to enforce laws and protect the citizens of our country. Law enforcement has not always been the same though. Before we had what our current law enforcement is today, we had a much rougher version, one that always did not enforce the law, one with less laws to enforce, and different training models that have changed over time due to a changing world. With a changing world come new laws, new dangers, and more for law enforcement to deal with. We will discuss the philosophies of law enforcement as well†¦show more content†¦They felt like it was taking away their rights as a citizen as well as their privacy. Even though some types of law enforcement did exist before, this was the first actual police department that was setup. Law enforceme nt type figures can be seen as far back as you can see. Weather it was a king putting individuals in place to enforce his rules or for someone in power. This is still a form of law enforcement in its early stages. There has always been someone to make rules or laws and with that there is always someone to put in place to enforce them. The development of law enforcement in the United States closely paralleled the development of policing in England. (Gaines, 2014) As people migrated to America from England, they brought their ideas with them as well, law enforcement being one of them. Early American law enforcement focused on different things then England. They focused on control of people by class, such as slaves, maintaining order in the cities and markets and controlling things such as alcohol, gambling and weapons. As American grew and became stronger, so did its law enforcement. With new innovations and growing numbers came more laws, more problems, and more officers needed to e nforce the laws and community police. Many of the first police departments were in the northeast such as Boston who created a night watch in 1636 and a rattle watch, which lead to New York in 1658, Philadelphia in 1700, and St. Louis forming a

Motives And Effectiveness Of Leaders †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Motives And Effectiveness Of Leaders? Answer: Introducation Among the several leadership studies conducted, the trait approach to leadership theory is the study that has been successful in withstanding the test of time. The result of this study is that it has been successfully established that there are certain personal characteristics and skills that contributed the effectiveness of leadership under several situations. In the present essay, the leadership trait theory will be evaluated and it will be critically analyzed with the help of real life examples. In this regard, there are certain personality traits described by the researchers that are used by effective leaders. These traits include trustworthiness, warmth, high tolerance for frustration, self-confidence, assertiveness, enthusiasm, extroversion, emotional stability and self-confidence (Alves, Manz and Butterfield, 2005). It is an exhaustive list, and certainly it cannot be expected that all these trades will be present in a single leader. However, they present an excellent base of study. At least the good leaders should acknowledge the benefits provided by each of these personality traits. For example, opened relations can be promoted by a leader with his followers if he or she has a good sense of humor. In the same way, the enthusiasm of the leaders certainly helps in motivating the staff (Ayman, 2004). It is the finding of several leadership style theories that obviously the situation will significantly impact the mix of personality traits held by a leader or at least the traits that such a leader expresses to hold. For instance, assertiveness may be emphasized by a politician through his or her decision-making, as well as the high tolerance for frustration in turbulent times, but such leaders may not be able to establish a sense of humor (Casimir and Waldman, 2007). As the politician cannot show all the personality traits that have been mentioned in the trait theory, it certainly cannot be said that such a person is not a good leader. Such a situation only means that situational leadership is used by a good leader for the purpose of adapting their personality traits to respective environment of leader-follower (Daft and Lane, 2005)). It can be said in this context, that there are certain personality traits that lend themselves to particular jobs. For example, there are certain persons who have established themselves as remarkable leaders in their current positions as a result of their personality, but the same persons have proved to be ineffective leaders while they were acting in some other position. Therefore, it can be said that while a leader may adapt its behavior to particular situation, there are certain underlying personality traits present that cannot be hidden. There can be a huge difference between these personalities and behaviors (Davis and Rothstein, 2006). They can be very effective or disastrous, keeping in view the situation. It has also been stated in this regard that often the leaders are in a position to adjust their behavior according to the people under them. However, if they had been there for a long time, people will find out (Deng and Gibson, 2008). The meaning of this situation is that the behavioral traits can be superficial. While dealing with the issue of good leadership, it needs to be kept in mind that trust and honesty may be excepted by inconsistent behaviors. As a result, a person is required to be careful while incorporating new behaviors in their style of leadership, particularly when such behavioral traits are not in tune with the underlying personality characteristics of such a person (Lin, 2009). It has been said that the task related personality traits of both leaders include courage, flexibility, passion, adaptability, locus of control and emotional intelligence. All these traits are particularly related with the way in which the leaders view their last and also the drive of the leaders to achieve these tasks. Particularly the significance of emotional intelligence in a leadership situation has been well recognized (Trevio, Weaver and Brown, 2008). It has been claimed that without emotional intelligence, a person will not be in a position to lead anybody anywhere. It is also believed by many experts that empathy for the situation of the people is most important for maintaining trust. Generally it has been seen that the people only want to be heard and understood (Resick, Hanges, Dickson and Mitchelson, 2006). Therefore it is important for a leader to have an awareness regarding the feelings of people, which allows it to pitch their conversation at the level that has the mos t impact. As a result, it can be assumed that the trait of emotional intelligence is a personality trait that enjoys universal appeal irrespective of the position of the leader or the situation. The trait of emotional intelligence helps in all communication. Similarly, it can be used as a point of leverage during the conversations that a leader as with his followers. When a reader is able to understand his or her followers, the followers are also more likely to understand the leader (Robinson and Harvey, 2008). There are a number of behavioral and personality traits studies that have been conducted over time, even if, keeping in view the interest of studying good leadership, it is important that the person also considers the motives that every great leader has. In this regard, there are four motives that have been described by the experts and all of these needs to be considered as task related. These motives include power motive, tenacity, drive and achievement and strong work ethic. It is denoted by the power motive that there is a strong need on the part of an effective leader to control resources and also at the termination of exerting their power. For example, Kim Jong II may have a strong power motive when he rules his country with an iron fist, and he also has the need to control the people and the resources of the nation. It has been said by the experts in this context that a sense of fulfillment is obtained by the leaders when they are able to influence people. Therefore, perhaps influence can be described as the simplest form of power that all the leaders enjoy over their followers (Robinson and Harvey, 2008). Obviously, there is the drive and achievement motive. It is required that the study focused on good leadership should concentrate on this motive. The reason is that this motive promotes an effective work environment. It acts as a greatest motivation. It has also been said that the most effective leaders receive motivation from the need to accomplish and developing their ego. A leader enjoys a lot when he is told that he could see is a great leader. Such a comment is an ultimate reward for the leader. Therefore, it becomes possible to realize the close link that is present between recognition and accomplishment. While the leaders may be motivated for achieving a particular task but they may also be doing so due to the expected knowledge. The leaders may try to receive this acknowledgment because it generally flows down the hierarchy and is less seen flowing up the hierarchy. In this way, in context of the leadership motive theory, apart from brides and achievement motive, there is another motive that can be described as acknowledgment. Strong work ethic has also been described as a motive. That is possessed by the effective leaders. This motive is also required to be studied by the students of good leadership. The reason is that this motive encourages dedicated, hard work environment. It is also being found that it is appropriate to study this motive because there are certain leaders who lead mainly by example. Such leaders have strong work ethic. Therefore, they rely on the fact that other people will observe their work practices. The dedication and commitment to one's work can influence the followers and it will also create respect for the leader among the followers. Another reason is that no one likes a lazy boss (Yan and Hunt, 2005)). It is important for every student of good leadership to study leadership traits, motives and characteristics. It also needs to be acknowledged that there are a number of personal traits that contribute in the effectiveness of leadership. It also needs to be understood the significance of these traits varies in accordance with the position or the situation in which they are practiced. Therefore, close attention needs to be paid to the difference that exists between personality traits and effective leadership behavioral traits as they directly influence the perception of the followers' regarding the leader. It is also important that a subjective view is taken by a person regarding the leadership motive theory so that a distinction can be maintained between their own motives and they can acknowledge this situation that would be most suitable for them. References Alves, J.C., Manz, C.C., and Butterfield, D.A. (2005) Developing Leadership Theory in Asia: The role of chinese philosophy. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 1, 3-27. Ayman, R. 2004. Situational and contingency approaches to leadership, In J. Antonakis, A. Cianciolo R.J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Nature of leadership, 148-170, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Casimir, G., and Waldman, D.A. (2007) A cross cultural comparison of the importance of leadership traits for effective low level and high level leaders, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. 7(1), 47-60 Daft, R. L., and Lane, P. G. (2005) The leadership experience. (3rd ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Davis, A., and Rothstein, H. (2006) The effects of the perceived behavioral integrity of managers on employee attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 67, 407419. Deng, L. and Gibson, P. (2008) A qualitative evaluation on the role of cultureal intelligence on cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3 (2), 181-197 Lin, C. (2009). Cultural influences on moral reasoning capacities of purchasing managers: a comparison across the Taiwan strait. International Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 37 (2), 203-208 Resick, C.J., Hanges, P.J., Dickson, M.W., and Mitchelson, J.K. (2006) A cross cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership Journal of Business Ethics, 2006, 345-359 Robinson, D.A., and Harvey, M (2008) Global leadership in a culturally diverse world, Management Decision, 46, 466-480 Trevio, L. K., Weaver, G. R., and Brown, M. E., (2008) Its lovely at the top: Hierarchical levels, identities, and perceptions of organizational ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly 18(2): 233-253. Yan, J., and Hunt, J. G. (2005) A cross cultural perspective on perceived leadership effectiveness, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5, 49-66

A Sample of Expository Essay Free Help from Top Writers

A Sample of Expository Essay Free Help from Top Writers Here is a good expository essay sample to help you understand the rules of expository writing. An expository essay is meant to describe, explain and inform the reader. The sample expository essay below explains the correlation between the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and gas prices in the USA. While this essay by far exceeds the five paragraph standard,  this essay  was written to conduct a  deep analysis of the situation with gas  prices  within the USA after the 9/11 attacks. Please note the structure of the essay despite exceeding the five paragraph format, it still consists of the introduction, body, and conclusion. If you are looking for a top quality, a  custom-written expository  essay with a proper language and formatting, feel free to visit our order page.  Our experienced writers will come up with a tailor-made solution  that fully matches your requirements and will help you to master expository writing. Gas Prices pre and post 9/11/2001 and Its Effect on U.S. Economy Petrol, or commonly known as gasoline in North America, is a liquid mixture that is obtained from petroleum or can be considered as one of the main products obtained from refining crude oil. Gasoline is mainly made up of aliphatic hydrocarbons and is usually improved through the addition of aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, isooctane or even benzene to further raise its octane ratings. Primarily, gasoline is used as a fuel in internal combustion engines such as in automobiles and light trucks and accounts for almost 17 percent of United States’ energy consumption. Gasoline, or â€Å"gas† as its colloquial term, is also used to fuel recreational vehicles, boats and most of the  equipment  that is used  on  farms and in construction. Though the production of gasoline occurs year-round, there are still extra volumes of gasoline that are made to meet the gasoline requirements during the summer driving seasons. Gasoline has three main grades and these are premium, regul ar, and mid-grade, which is all derived from oil refineries. Several pipelines that are linked to a massive distribution chain are used to serve 168, 987 retail gasoline stations. The three main grades have different octane level, and their prices also vary according to the grade of the gasoline. Though usually, the price differential that is present between the grades is constant. Generally, gas prices have been increasing before the 9/11 incident, and it affects the economy of US and other countries either directly or indirectly through the consumers, especially their buying power. The cost that is included in the production and the transportation of gasoline from the source to the consumers is the cost of crude oil to refiners. Furthermore, the marketing and distribution costs, the refinery processing costs and the retail station costs along with the imposed taxes of that state on gasoline  are also included in the costs of production and manufacture of gasoline. All of these costs are mainly reflected in  the amount that the consumers pay in the gasoline stations. A large component that is included in the retail price of gasoline is the taxes imposed in it, either it may be Federal, State or local. The taxes account for more or less 19 percent of what the consumers pay for  every gallon of gasoline. Almost 18.4 cents per gallon of gasoline is from the Federal tax and more or less 21 cents per gallon of gasoline is due to the State tax. Furthermore, the implementation of eleven States levy added State sales and other taxes and the additional local county and city taxes that is applied on gasoline, imposes a significant effect or impact on the price of gasoline. The difference in the price of gasoline that is observed from one state or town to the other is due to the varying taxes imposed and due to the varied formulations implemented in the different parts of the state, county or region. Only 19 percent of the amount paid by consumers is due to refining costs and profits while only 9 percent of the retail cost paid by consumers per gallon of gasoline is due to marketing, distribution, and retail dealer costs. Gasoline prices normally increase or decrease even if the price of crude oil that is used in the production of gasoline is stable, generally because of factors such as changes in crude oil prices, seasonality in the gasoline supply and demand balance, and unusual events or trends affecting the supply and demand balance. Also, local retail station competition could affect the prices of gasoline. Domestic problems that could disrupt the crude oil supply may include refinery outages and pipeline outages or demand, which includes differences in the specifications set by a particular region, area or season on the product. The effect of unusual events or trends had always influenced the price of gasoline and these includes a weakening economy, an increase  in the production of gasoline from refineries but a decrease in the demand for gasoline for jet fuels and automobiles and the September 11,  2001, terrorist attacks. These factors account for almost, but not greater than, 30 cents pe r gallon of gasoline. September 9, 2001, commonly known as 9/11, includes a series of coordinated terrorist attacks by a nineteen terrorists who were said to be affiliated with the Al-Qaeda, whose also hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners and committed suicide attacks, crashing the each of the planes into four different targets. The World Trade Center in New York City is one of the terrorists’ targets, resulting  in  the collapse of the two buildings. Due to the 9/11 incident, rumors on the increase of the gasoline price had spread onto consumers like a forest fire. Panic buying had occurred, and the demand for gasoline increased. The 9/11 incident does not have any impact on the gas supply, therefore, should not have any impact on the gasoline price and their effects on the economy are not directly connected. Crude oil and gasoline prices constantly increase  before the September 9, 2001  terrorist attacks.  Ã‚  On January 1, 1999, the average retail regular price for crude oil and gasoline was almost 39 dollars per barrel. This price increased up to 40 dollars per barrel then decreased to 36 dollars per barrel in March 1999. But this decrease in the crude oil and gasoline price was not continuous. In May 1999, the crude oil and gasoline prices increased tremendously to 48 dollars per barrel. Since then on, the prices kept increasing and decreasing, then again increasing at a higher price (dollars per barrel) every month in the year 1999 up to July in the year 2000 almost equal to 70 dollars per barrel. By August and September 2000, the prices of crude oil and gasoline decreased greatly up to almost 59 dollars per barrel and increased slightly in October 2000 to 65 dollars per barrel. The prices of crude oil and gasoline no longer increased any higher than this but decreased up to 58.80 dollars per barrel in January and April 2001. The prices of crude oil and gasoline started to increase rapidly by the second week of May 2001. The average retail regular price of crude oil and gasoline was at its peak in the second week of May 2001, with almost 72 dollars per barrel. The price ranged from 70 to 72 dollars per barrel from May up to the end of July 2001. Then it had rapidly decreased up to almost 57 dollars per barrel in August 2001. The decreased in the price of crude oil and gasoline was not continuous. Due to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the prices increased due to panic buying from the consumers. Rumors of a tremendous increase in the crude oil and gasoline prices struck fear among the consumers. The scarcity of gasoline and crude oil supply also added to the consumers’ fear of having to avail gas at an unimaginable price. Lines to gasoline stations in the days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were really long, where customers had to wait hours just to get gasoline. The sudden increase in the demand for gasoline made gasoline stations and dealers hungry for more profit, led to an increase in the price of gasoline, higher than the price in August 2001. From almost 57 dollars per barrel in August 2001, prices increased to almost 66 dollars per barrel in the second week of September 2001. The prices of gasoline and crude oil continued to be sold at a range of 64 to 66 dollars per barrel up to October 2001 (Burdette, 2001). The prices of crude oil and gasoline because of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were alarming, especially to the regulatory board on the prices of crude oil and gasoline. The government started to place penalties and fines to gasoline stations, dealers, and suppliers who would impose gasoline prices that are above or higher than 2 dollars per gallon. Information dissemination was also done by the government to inform consumers of the actual price of crude oil and gasoline. The supply of crude oil and gasoline was also shown to the consumers in order to avoid further panic buying. The action of stabilizing the price of crude oil and gasoline made by the government resulted in a decrease in the gasoline price back to 58.80 dollars per barrel in October 2001. According to Michael Burdette, a consultant to the Energy Information Administration, â€Å"as of October 29, 2001, the national average retail price of regular gasoline was 1.235 dollars per gallon, its lowest level sinc e November 8, 1999† (2001). Since September 17, the average price of gasoline had already fallen up to 29 cents in just six weeks. In Midwest,   the average retail price of regular gasoline had reached a very sharp decline of 33-cents drop. This drop occurred in the national average in of 10 weeks during the Memorial Day up to the first week of August and it was only interrupted by a brief 17-cent rise in the second week of August. All in all, a decrease of almost 48 cents of the national average retail price of the gasoline was achieved from its peak in May and it is considered to be the widest one-year range in retail prices since 1990, especially considering the time frame of just five months. Economically, the sudden increase in the demand for gasoline had boosted the amount or barrels of gasoline sold in the market within a short period of time. The prices at first seemed to be a burden for consumers, but due to government regulations on the price of gasoline, the burden was lifted. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks had a large impact, not only in the prices of gasoline but in the economy (especially in the world markets) as a whole. A temporary reduction or decrease in the contract with banks was done by the Federal Reserve whereas, by September 11, the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ were all closed and remain as it is until September 17. When the stock market re-opened, the U.S. stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for the week. The 9/11 incident also has extended effects to other states. Supply of gas fuels ran out in other states the next morning after the terrorist attack. In Iowa, prices were said to reach 4.65 dollars per gallon, in Michigan, it is almost over 5 dollars a gallon. A convenient store under the Casey’s Inc. in Illinois was investigated and would be penalized $50,000 if found guilty of price gouging. The company initiated customer refunds immediately. Another effect of increasing fuel prices is th e reduced productivity growth in the general economy (National Research Council (U.S.), 1988, p.124) The gasoline prices before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks have been observed generally to increase, with some small decrease in gasoline price on months between intervals of an increase. The gasoline price had reached its peak of 72 dollars per barrel in May 2001. The price increase at its highest has been attained even before the 9/11 incident. Before the terrorist attack, the gasoline price had already decreased largely and the price gouging and consumer panics on September 11 and the day after that had increased the gasoline price, but not to a level that is greater than the price of gasoline in May 2001. It can also be noted that after a week or month after the 9/11 incident, gasoline price reached its lowest price of 1.235 dollars per gallon, its lowest price since November 8, 1999. This is due to the strict implementation and immediate action done by the government and regulatory boards on the price of gasoline. The gasoline prices had affected consumers greatly for they are the ones who suffer any price gouging done by dealers or retailers. Economically, gasoline price, after its regulations and stabilization, had increased the buying power of the consumers specifically on gasoline since no additional or reduced prices on other commodities were reported. The huge decrease in the world markets and stocks can be greatly attributed to the 9/11 terrorist attack, but not on the gasoline price. Therefore, any increase or decrease in the price of commodities is not due to gasoline prices but due to the incident. Furthermore, the 9/11 incident should not have had any impact on the gasoline supply.

Free Essays on On “Her First Ball“ By Katherine Mansfield

Writing From A Woman’s World Everything is so magical, exactly the way it is in fairyland. Leila, Katherine Mansfield’s main character in the short story, â€Å"Her First Ball†, is absolutely breath-taken at every sight and sound at the ball. Everything around her is so strikingly new and enthralling. It is Leila’s first ball, and her first exposition to society. Mansfield describes the young girl’s emotions and excitement in a way that incarcerates her readers in the quaint fantasy world of Leila, and within the damsel’s spinning cyclone of different feelings and emotions. Mansfield illustrates a rich, colorful fairy-tale-like picture as the setting of Leila’s world. We can obviously sense how Leila’s perception of the ball is that of a dreamlike event. The author shows her readers at the beginning of the story how Leila felt more like Cinderella incarnated in her body; for, her thrill is felt when she is in the cab passing by â€Å"waltzing† lampposts. Apparently, Leila’s heart is beating fast here, and we can almost hear its pulse, especially when â€Å"she tried not to smile too much; she tried not to care†(p.40). The author’s creation of a dream world is revealed in the way Leila views everything with wide eyes and astonishment. Simple common details, such as â€Å"Meg’s tuberoses, Jose’s long loop of amber, Laura’s little dark head†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.40) are even seen by her as most charming and extraordinary. Unmistakably, Mansfield is constructing â€Å"fairy land† as the setting of the story through the eyes of Leila. In order to sketch the ball through Leila’s eyes, Katherine Mansfield writes the story from a feminine point of view. The writer of the story seems to understand Leila’s awe, and even seems to have lived similar experiences. If a man were to write in Mansfield’s style, it would most likely be difficult for him to achi... Free Essays on On â€Å"Her First Ballâ€Å" By Katherine Mansfield Free Essays on On â€Å"Her First Ballâ€Å" By Katherine Mansfield Writing From A Woman’s World Everything is so magical, exactly the way it is in fairyland. Leila, Katherine Mansfield’s main character in the short story, â€Å"Her First Ball†, is absolutely breath-taken at every sight and sound at the ball. Everything around her is so strikingly new and enthralling. It is Leila’s first ball, and her first exposition to society. Mansfield describes the young girl’s emotions and excitement in a way that incarcerates her readers in the quaint fantasy world of Leila, and within the damsel’s spinning cyclone of different feelings and emotions. Mansfield illustrates a rich, colorful fairy-tale-like picture as the setting of Leila’s world. We can obviously sense how Leila’s perception of the ball is that of a dreamlike event. The author shows her readers at the beginning of the story how Leila felt more like Cinderella incarnated in her body; for, her thrill is felt when she is in the cab passing by â€Å"waltzing† lampposts. Apparently, Leila’s heart is beating fast here, and we can almost hear its pulse, especially when â€Å"she tried not to smile too much; she tried not to care†(p.40). The author’s creation of a dream world is revealed in the way Leila views everything with wide eyes and astonishment. Simple common details, such as â€Å"Meg’s tuberoses, Jose’s long loop of amber, Laura’s little dark head†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p.40) are even seen by her as most charming and extraordinary. Unmistakably, Mansfield is constructing â€Å"fairy land† as the setting of the story through the eyes of Leila. In order to sketch the ball through Leila’s eyes, Katherine Mansfield writes the story from a feminine point of view. The writer of the story seems to understand Leila’s awe, and even seems to have lived similar experiences. If a man were to write in Mansfield’s style, it would most likely be difficult for him to achi...

BSc Criminology - Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem Essay

BSc Criminology - Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem - Essay Example It is useful to compare the trends in the data series. For example both charts give property crime the largest section (78 and 75 percent respectively). Looking at Tale 4.06 women are more likely to be attacked than men and younger women are more vulnerable than any other group. Overall non-married persons are more likely to be victims than married persons. To a certain extent identifying persons who are socialising outside the home as being more at risk is nonsense, since if one is attacked inside the home that becomes a burglary. It would also be useful to know how many victims actually knew who the perpetrator was. On the figures given here one would assume that most crime is anonymous and yet we know this is not statistically true. Further, there is no breakdown by gender and we must ask the question are women more likely to be attacked whilst under the influence of alcohol or are they simply more likely to be victims of this type of crime regardless of sobriety? Whilst the survey states that people who had left the house for less than three hours a day were significantly less likely to have been victimised this actually tells us very little. As one ages one has fewer reasons to be away from home for extended periods of time. As noted earlier, if one is attacked in one’s home the name of the crime changes. The survey indicates that marital status affects the risk of being a victim of theft from the person. That is hardly surprising given that the majority of persons in England are beneath marriageable age and it is the non-marrieds who are more likely to have the time and spending power to be out socialising in urban areas. It is also more likely to be a reflection of the fact that 2 out of every 3 marriages in England/Wales end in divorce. The immediate difficulty with data presented in the format of Figure 6.3 is that it actually makes it difficult to determine what one is seeing. For example we are asked to view the data by

Website Field Trip 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Website Field Trip 2 - Essay Example , their financial status, the organizations they are affiliated with, job opportunities available with ABA and in all the entire purpose of ABA and the way it serves the customers. The website also offers memberships to students that are studying law, to different types of lawyers and all those who are interested in the profession of law. ABA provides the legal professionals with resources for the purpose of developing standard ethical codes, improvements of justice administration, focusing towards law school accreditations, so on and so forth. The website has briefings about its mission and goals and also the career opportunities in ABA. The website gives a good insight on many of the legal issues and requirements on different aspects for lawyers and law students both. The main purpose of the website is to give the law professionals information related to the subject and hence this website would prove to be highly useful for lawyers of any discipline and law students as well. This website can be strongly related to criminal justice, ethics and the course as it provides all the resources such as books and publications required to understanding law of any discipline and ethics as well. All types of government and legislative work details are elaborated on the website that allows the viewers to gain an insight on the law principles. Changes in policies are updated on the website making it easier to be well aware of policy changes taking place in the different disciplines of law. There is a separate section on ethics and professionalism and this section helps to understand the various ways on dealing with ethical situations, ethical opinions and how to respond in an ethical way towards various scenarios. For example, on the website professional conduct rules book is a new book and its information is updated on the ABA website. The new entries as such on ethics and professional conduct are updated on a constant mode. Criminal justice law cases are discussed and