Portfolio Management and Strategic Management Paper Essay

The portfolio management concept is critical to supporting an organization’s mission and goals. Portfolio management will determine which projects will be pursued when the budget or resources are limited. Organizations sometimes find that they have many projects they would like to complete but there will be times that it is not possible. Portfolio management will review the projects that not only are being worked on but also review any possible pending projects and determine if there is money and resources to continue. They will then prioritize projects and eliminate any that are determined wrong for the organization. According to Kerzner, H. (2013), portfolio management focuses attention at a more aggregate level. Its primary objective is to identify, select, finance, monitor and maintain the appropriate mix of projects and initiatives necessary to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Project management focuses on a particular project that has already been recognized by portfolio management as a project that will support the mission and goals of the organization. Portfolio management will also be looking at what financing will be available for each project and also be looking out for the right mixture of projects. It wouldn’t be in the organizations best interest to only support projects that would be geared towards one goal of the organization. They need to make sure that they are looking at every goal or mission and balancing out the projects. There can be issues with portfolio management. In project management we have discussed using the experts in the organization to help with the planning and in many cases the implementation of a project. With portfolio  management the ones making the decisions may not have the expertise, knowledge and information and therefore could decide a project isn’t a good choice when in fact it should be considered. There could be conflicts, unwillingness to share, differences in thought as well as certain department loyalties that may cause incorrect decisions. Strategic management refers to management who are goals-oriented in which the mission and planned achievements of an organization are clearly set out and all management processes are designed and monitored toward reaching the organization’ overall goals, (â€Å"What Is Strategic Management†, 2011). A mission statement within the organization will set the goals of the organization. References Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. What is strategic management. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.managementskillsadvisor.com/what-is-strategic-management.html

I Love U Rasna

1. How do you set a hypothesis for this study? Null Hypothesis, Ho: Rasna image not recaptured in the market. Alternate Hypothesis, Ha: Rasna image recaptured and brand is revamped in the market. 2. Explain various research processes involved in the study. The various research processes involved in the study are: a. They discovered untapped potential of soft drink concentrate by Market Research. b. Then they tapped the market by launching the Rasna and planned ad campaigns to increase the acceptability. c. They researched impact of the ad campaign on the mind of the customers. d. They also researched about the market share after the entry of Pepsi and Coke. e. After the decline of Rasna, the discovered new problems regarding customer changing needs (Problem Identification). f. Survey: a survey was conducted by AC-Nielsen to measure the consumer confidence in Rasna. 3. In your opinion what may be the perceived benefits of a new ad campaign? The new ad campaign has many perceived benefits which helped in the revamping of Rasna in the market. They are: a. The new brand symbol-‘a leaf’, symbolized freshness and naturalness which improved product acceptability among customers. . It targeted all segments based on age with the new tagline and the logo. This changed the previous perceptions about the product of being children oriented. c. The product also got very popular amongst children and hence, helped in increasing the market share. d. It established Rasna as a trustworthy product because of being endorsed by kids in the ads. e. It influenced the bu ying behavior of the parents as the ad campaign improved the product acceptability. f. A celebrity brand ambassador helped the brand connect to masses better. g. Customer involvement (slogan contests) also helps in gaining customer loyalty for a long term. h. Displaying a complete range of Rasna and highlighting it for all seasons makes it more value-added. 4. Comment on the list of promotional activities undertaken during the revamping process. Impact of promotional activities are: a. Double split technique- The ‘Ek ka Do’ concept targeted the prospective customers to provide them a trial pack and also portrayed it as a ready to use product. It also was affordable to lower sections of the society. . New Flavours- Introducing new flavours was another good promotional strategy to add some differentiation to the products to increase the sales. c. New Retailing Strategy- It helps in increasing the distribution channels of the products and targeting more and more customers. d. Slogan Contests- It enhanced the customer involvement with the product and helps in gaining long term customer relationship and loyalty. e. Celebrity Endorseme nts- The celebrity endorsements help in connecting with masses and attracts the attention of the customers.

Health Inequalities in Scotland/Uk Essay

The causes for health inequalities are very complex and seemingly conflicting. Recent studies show that death rates in Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool in 2003 and 2007 were much higher than anywhere else in the UK. This is because these cities all have the same crucial issue – poverty and it is estimated that 25% of their populations are classed as ‘deprived’. There are many crucial factors to health inequalities, including poverty in which the CASSI report linked together. Perhaps one of the main issues is lifestyle choices. The North-South divide clearly shows that Scotland has major health issues. The investigation of the 3 cities (Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool) shows that lifestyle is an important issue. It shows that Scottish people are more likely to die at a younger age, have strokes and get heart disease if they live in deprived areas, compared to their English equivalents – which still have bad health. The report illustrates that the death rate is 15% higher in Glasgow than in the other two cities, hence the phrase â€Å"The Glasgow Effect†. Six out of seven of the worst areas in Scotland are in Glasgow, where those in Edinburgh are expected to live on average four years longer. The average life expectancy for a man in Scotland is 75.3 and 79.9 for a female, yet in England it is 78 for a male and 82.1 for a female – showing that the North South Divide is important when looking at health inequalities. Smoking and obesity are both issues linked with social class and poverty. In Social Class 1, 13% of women are obese, but it is Social Class 2 where it increases to 25%. There are many illnesses related to obesity including heart disease. 66% of people in Scotland are classed as overweight, and 4 people die every week due to obesity. The struggling NHS forks out  £125 million pounds per year to treat obese people. Messages from the government have helped to reduce smoking by 75% in Social Class 1 but Social Class 2 only by 35%. 15% of people in Clarkston (Glasgow) smoke, whereas in the poorer area of Nitshill 44% of people smoke. Smoking can lead to cancer, heart disease and death. Alcohol misuse also separates social classes. 1 in 4 men in Glasgow admit to having a drinking problem with 200,000 dependant on alcohol, and 40% of women – therefore it is no surprise that it’s a major cause of premature death in Scotland. Glasgow has the highest alcohol related deaths in the UK where two thirds are from the most deprived areas. Someone born in Caltson has a life expectancy of just 54 years, but someone in Lenzie, just a matter of miles away, can expect to live to 82 years old. The life expectancy in India is 62, 8 years more than in Calton despite the fact that 80% of the population in India live in poverty, highlighting the lifestyle choices of people can impact on health. The most recent Government report states that â€Å"There is a clear relationship between income equality†. It tells us that more than two thirds of the total alcohol related deaths were in the most deprived areas and that those living in these areas of Scotland have a greater suicide risk – more than â€Å"double that of the Scottish average†. Clearly, those with money can afford to buy a gym membership, private healthcare and other things which improve their quality of life and therefore they have a better lifestyle than poorer people – thus showing a link between poverty and health, as those in rich areas can expect to live 30 years more than those in poor areas. Finally, ethnic origin is a factor which can influence health inequalities. An example of this is those originally from Pakistan and Bangladesh are five times more likely to suffer from diabetes than the white population. Indians are three times more likely at risk than whites. Pakistani and Bangladeshis men and women face a higher risk of heart disease than average, whilst Chinese face a lower than average risk. This highlights the thought that your ethnic origin can affect your health. To conclude, I believe that both poverty and lifestyle contribute to poor health, although I believe that poverty is more of an issue than any other factor.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 77

Discussion - Essay Example Another good impact of the association is that the rate of exchange in the various commercial transactions is relatively favorable among the three states as opposed to when a country that is not a member of the union involves herself in the commercial transactions by making a purchase of any kind (Tamara, 2011). This was through the removal of the tariffs or the taxes that were charged on various business people who took part in the importation and exportation of commodities from any of the three states. It consequently aimed at raising the wages and salaries f the employees slightly in the countries which was quite successful. This also led to the increment of job opportunities in the countries (Tamara, 2011). However despite all these moves that have been moved by the union, there are challenges that have been realized. One major failure that has hit the union is on the infrastructural development in Mexico through factories. The poor location is a big challenge as there is string and stiff completion that is posed by the workers from Asia (Tamara, 2011). The industries should be decentralized and delocalized in various parts of the Mexican country. This will be of much significance as it will not be a point of target during wars, regulating pollution in one area and also offering jobs to many (Tamara,

My previous personal statement needs to be rewritten a bit and there Essay

My previous personal statement needs to be rewritten a bit and there are some things that should be added to it - Essay Example I am particularly interested in integrating my knowledge of the Russian-speaking world with my studies, as Russia is one of the worlds most exciting emerging markets. I am enthusiastic about expanding my knowledge in the current affairs, more so in the context of business and economy. In several occasions I try my level best to secure some little time off my academics and just read some periodic publications such as The Economist. Steve Jobs, the Apple Inc. co-founder, is one person that has greatly shaped my business perspective and attitude towards life. After reading his story in one of the Economist publications, I have come to develop an interest of reading biographies, autobiographies, and stories about remarkable innovators and business leaders of our time. The time I have spent reading through these publication has been beneficial as it has served to complement the theoretical knowledge acquired in class. For instance, I was fascinated when a story about the current dispute involving Tesco’s and Sainsbury over price comparison promotions. This dispute helped me appreciate the role of ethics in business operations. Other activities that I enjoy doing are mingling with people and just get to understand their perspective about various issues in life. I love sports such as football and skiing. Engaging in these activities have not only taught me the beauty of hard work, perseverance, and practice, but have also taught me how to work within a team as well as lead a team. Knowledge and experience are two things I most treasure in career advancement. It is because of this reason that I am currently furthering my studies to at least bolster my understanding of various issues in business. Previously, I have worked at Technoservice, Moscow, alongside strategists who at that time were investigating ideas on how to introduce off patent car

Report on Public Key Encryption Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report on Public Key Encryption - Assignment Example The process becomes more secure when the numbers are longer. There are two keys and they include the private and public keys. For example, the smartcard and a padlock for the private and public keys, respectively. For example, Kevin could send Alice important data that he wants to ensure only she gets to read it. Therefore, Kevin encrypts the data with Alice’s public key since only Alice knows this public key hence she alone can encrypt the data in its original form. An individual needs to prove that he or she owns the identity when they are online. This is because the document needs to recognize the identity of the user in order to know the person (Paar & Pelzl, 2010 p152). In addition, the keys help in coding of data. For instance, the message is applied to a publicly known mathematical hashing function that coverts the message in to a long number referred to as the hash. This is because the hash is part of the document that is signed to a user (Paar & Pelzl, 2010 p293). Consequently, when data has been scrambled using a private key, it is unscrambled using the public key. The reverse also happens when the private key is used to unscramble. This is done using another hash that is obtained from the data. In conclusion, the public key encryption aids the protection of data or information. Therefore, an individual signs in using a number of keys. The keys are what the data uses to check the identity of the person. As a result, the keys act as a signature of verification for online

Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Communications - Assignment Example 228). Friend shifts are alterations, or changes that occur when one decides to change their friends. Usually, this occurs when one of the friends, changes their perception about the friendship (Ivy, 2011, p. 216). Self-disclosure is the act of telling your friend about yourself, your hidden secrets that define your personality (Ivy, 2011, p. 199). Friendship intimacy is the close relation that two friends share in a friendship (Ivy, 2011, p.220). Jocular sparring refers to unique way that men between themselves and it usually go wrong when used with women (Ivy, 2011, p. 230). Male-male friendships and female-female friendships differ in the content of their conversation. Female friends talk more often and their conversations main topics center on intimate topics, sex differences, personal and family matters. Men friends always talk less than their female counterparts where their conversations center on sports. The principal dissimilarity between the two types of friendships is based on the sex-stereotypical assumptions, which tend to favor men and not women. Female-female friendships are always intimate unlike male-male friendships. This implies that female friends disclose their intimate selves. This creates more liking and a cohesive bond between them (Ivy, 2011, p. 220). Male friends rarely disclose their intimate self and friendships are not that intimate and therefore do not develop strong bonds (Ivy, 2011, p. 220-221). Female-female friendships are characterized by voluntary relations between the friends. Another major characteristic is the emphasis on conversational and emotional expressiveness. These friendships are also characterized by talks of family and personal matters (Ivy, 2011, p.

Corruption and Integrity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corruption and Integrity - Research Paper Example Its major religion is Islam (Sunni) with an estimated literacy rate of 38% (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa lying along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. "It is bounded by Djibouti in the northwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Kenya in the southwest. In area it is slightly smaller than Texas. Generally arid and barren, Somalia has two chief rivers, the Shebelle and the Juba." According to records, in the years January 1991 until August 2000, it had no stable government. "A fragile parliamentary government was formed in 2000, but it expired in 2003 without establishing control of the country. In 2004, a new transitional parliament was instituted and elected a president" (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia has a GDP/PPP approximately $5.575 billion with a per capita of $600. Its real growth rate is 2.6% and there is no inflation rate record because "businesses print their own money". Despite its vast land area, it has only an arable land of 2% that is produces bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; and fish. Its labor force is 3.7 million with very few are skilled laborers (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html).. Sharing the rank of second most corrupt country with Myanmar is Iraq. ... Its major religion is Islam. Its major source of income is oil with very little agriculture due to its vast desert land (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). Iraq maintains a constitutional democracy with a federal system of government. "The executive branch is made up of the Presidency Council (one president, two deputy presidents) and a Council of Ministers (one prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, and 34 cabinet ministers)." Its legislative branch is made up of an elected Council of Representatives and a Federation Council. There are 275 members of the Council of Representatives. The judicial branch is independent (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). On the other hand, Denmark shares the least corrupt country with New Zealand and Sweden. Its government is parliamentary, headed by a Queen and a Prime Minister. Its industrialized market economy is based on materials imported through foreign trade maintaining a liberal trade policy within the European Union. About 1% of its gross national product (GNP) is given to foreign aid to less developed countries. This is only a manifestation that Danish economy is high and stable. In addition, all citizens of Denmark receive basic health care and real poverty is out of place in this country (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/denmark.html). Denmark is an active member of International Organizations such as the: United Nations; NATO; the EU; Nordic cooperation; the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the World Trade Organization (WTO); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the Council of

External and Internal Environments Research Paper - 1

External and Internal Environments - Research Paper Example Radio waves differ when it comes to distance. This implies that the distance could be a few meters as that of the television remote case or millions of miles deep into the space. The wireless communication encompasses a variety of fixed, mobile or portable applications, personal digital assistants, cellular phones and two way radios (Bussey, 2000). There exist various examples to depict the radio wireless technology in the modern societal setting. For instance, wireless computer peripherals; mouse, keyboard, headphones, garage doors openers, radio receivers, cordless phones, satellite television and also the broadcast television. In the recent past, sound, light, electronic and magnetic fields are applicable to achieve the wireless communication. Every industry has a number of key players. The organization is a subsidiary of the (ABT) American bell Telephone. AT & T’s formation was in the Yester years with it is headquarters in Dallas Texas. Currently, the company is the large st fixed and mobile telephony provider and also provides subscription television services in the United States. As of 2012, various world rankings had AT & T suited at the top helm according to value and performance. For instance, the company ranked 20th worldwide in terms of mobile telephony operations and overall as the 7th largest company in the Unites States of America. The intention of this discussion is to delineate the over performance of AT & T as a key player in the booming wireless industry. In the wireless industry

Applied Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied Macroeconomics - Essay Example iii. The decline in the personal savings rate of Americans will result in the shift of the IS Curve to the right. iv. A drop in business confidence following the collapse of the stock market will shift the IS Curve to the left. 4. A change in which of the following would cause the LM curve to shift To rotate, To both shift and rotate Which of these do not affect the slope or position of the LM curve i. nominal money supply (Ms) affects the position of the LM curve. The increase in the nominal money supply would cause the LM curve to move to the right. ii. the responsiveness of the demand for money to the interest rate influences the slope of the LM curve. The more responsive the demand fore money with regard to the interest rates level is, the less steep the slope of the LM curve will be. iii. the responsiveness of the demand for money to income also influences the slope of the curve. The more responsive the demand fore money to the income level is, the steeper the LM curve will be. iv. business and consumer confidence level changes have influence on the slope of the LM curve and, therefore, would cause the LM curve to rotate. v. interest rate (r) does not affect the position or slope of the LM curve. The change in interest results in change in quantity of real balances demanded and results in movement along the LM curve. vi. price level (P) influences real money demand and, as a result shift the LM curve. If the price level increases, the real demand for money decreases and the LM curve shifts to the left. 5. Explain the concept of "crowding-out". Under what circumstances could government spending be "crowded-out" Do you think this is likely to be the case "Crowding-out" takes place when expansionary fiscal policy leads to the...Increase in government spending, income tax cut or an investment subsidy will raise the interest rate if the quantity of money is unchanged. The IS Curve has negative slope because a higher level of the interest rate (vertical axis) reduces investment spending, thereby reducing aggregate demand and thus the equilibrium level of income (horizontal axis). The steepness of the curve's negative slope depends on how sensitive investment spending is to changes in the interest rate and also on the multiplier. The movement along the IS Curve occurs with the changes in the level of the interest rate and corresponding change in the level of income. If interest rate increases, the equilibrium level of income decreases, and vice versa. ii. the responsiveness of the demand for money to the interest rate influences the slope of the LM curve. The more responsive the demand fore money with regard to the interest rates level is, the less steep the slope of the LM curve will be. "Crowding-out" takes place when expansionary fiscal policy leads to the increase in the interest rates level and, thus, reduces private spending, in particular investment. This way increase in government spending "crowds-out" investment spending. Full "crowding-out" can occur under the condition of a vertical LM schedule when the fisc

Health Care in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care in Australia - Essay Example Short). Be that as it may, anomalies exist in the health care system in Australia. The health care spread is uneven in Australia due to disparities in social and economic levels. The health scenario in the rural areas and place where indigenous populations live is not what it is in the urban areas. There are several reasons for this. The four key challenges to Australia's health systems are affordability of services, expansion of the health workforce to meet the needs of older population, treatment of chronic disease in the community instead of in hospitals, and the integration of complex services in care delivery (Health And The 2007 Federal Elections). The cost of health care is quite high in Australia. There have been attempts to integrate medical care with economy. Most researchers agree that social and economic conditions such as levels of education, types of work, and rates of unemployment, affect population health. A report produced by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare found that more than 23,000 lives could have been saved in 1998-2000 if the poorest 80 percent of the population had access to the same living conditions and quality of care as the wealthiest 20 percent. In the same period, that is, 1998-2000, the richest males and females lived 3.9 years and 2 years longer respectively than the poorest. The gulf between the rich and the poor is widening. Data from 1985-87 and 1998-2000 reveal that mortality inequality between the rich and the poor increased for all causes and almost doubled for cancers and cardiovascular disease (Karen Holland). Australia's health economy is expanding. However, despite this expansion the health care system is unable to deliver appropriate and timely care to Australians. There is continuing concern about waiting lists for surgical procedures and specialists consultations in public hospitals, long waiting times in the private sector for particular specialties and increasing disparities between the delivery of care in major centers and in the rural sector. The problem lies in the multiplicity of organizations that administer and fund the health sector, outdated industrial practices, and lack of willingness on the part of any of these groups to reorganize in order to provide more efficient services. A recent World Health Organization report estimated that there would be a global shortage of over four million doctors, nurses, midwives and other health workers over the next decade. This shortage is felt in health force in Australia too. The health workforce currently makes up just over 11% of the total workforce in Australia. The number should increase to around 20% (Peter Brooks and Niki Ellis). Aging population in Australia today poses significant problems to the healthcare system. The challenge is to move to an appropriate health care system for the 65 plus population with chronic disease. The Australian health system is struggling to care for this section of the population in an appropriate, cost-effective and timely manner (From Episodic Treatment To Chronic

Colonialism and Latin America Essay Example for Free

Colonialism and Latin America Essay Eduardo Galeano is a passionate journalist and writer, a man that has put this passion into writing about the lost or often overlooked histories of Latin and South Americas. In one of his acclaimed books, Las venas abiertas de America Latina/Open Veins of Latin America, he looks at the history of exploitation in this place from early European explorers to current United States and European endeavors. In this paper using three examples from Open Veins of Latin America by Eduardo Galeano, will show how Latin America has developed a dependency on foreign entities. Latin America was mostly untouched by the European world until 1492, when the Spanish where looking for a cheaper way to obtain the goods from the Exotic East. Galeano even goes on to speculate that even earlier explorers could have visited thus creating the religions and gods that the native tribes worshipped (pg. 17). These Spanish explorers came looking for new goods and spices, and when they saw that these natives had bits of metal upon them and inquired after them discovered that gold and silver were in abundance here. Thus began the Spanish Conquistadors reign begin in Latin America, though out numbered 10 to 1, the Spanish steadily moved out. The technology gaps between these two worlds was astounding, as Columbus earlier noted, â€Å"They knew nothing of swords, and when these were shown to them they grasped the sharp edges and cut themselves. † Along with gunpowder, full metal armor, and most importantly horses the Spanish were able to decimate and terrorize most opposing forces that they encountered. â€Å"The conquests shattered the foundations of these civilizations† (pg.43), afterwards almost every major native city and been sacked and looted along with the natives being indentured or killed. The mines that were established created the greatest displacement of the native people; it forced them into grueling labor and destroyed the agricultural communities. These early conquests helped lay the groundwork for the future exploitation of this region. Gold and silver were the main motivating forces for the Conquest, but many other goods have developed within this region. Foremost of these goods was sugar, in fact it was such suitable terrain that it proved to be a â€Å"white gold. † The early sugar plantations were pure profit for the Spanish lords, with legions of African and Native slaves and soil ideal for sugar cane. This new agriculture and overseers helped contribute to the already old agriculture downfall. Forests were felled and other crops were dismissed as unnecessary, sugar became the only crop that mattered. These plantations developed into what we know today in Latin America as the latifundio, which has been meticulously honed into a system that allows for the highest profits to the owners but hardly adequate conditions for its workers. â€Å"The latifundio as we know it has been sufficiently mechanized to multiply the labor surplus, and thus enjoys an ample reserve of cheap hands. It no longer depends on the importations of African slaves or on the encomienda of Indians; it merely needs to pay ridiculously low or in-kind wages, or to obtain labor for nothing in return for the laborer’s under of a minute piece of land. † (pg. 60) This system created was so effective at siphoning the natural resources of the region that its growth into areas can be documented by the destroyed land and displaced populace that it leaves behind. Galeano states, â€Å"And this has not been the role of sugar alone: the story has been the same with cacao, cotton, rubber, coffee and fruits† (pg. 61). With the creation of this system within Latin America, it became ripe for foreign business interests to produce their product in this place. With the abundance of common resources available for cheap and with huge potential for a business owner to create huge profits, Latin America was directly and indirectly was given host to many business ventures from Dutch, French, English and U. S. industry. Businesses that invested into these ventures loved the model, land was acquired with earnest and more plantations were created with their overseers working for the new companies. Now all these companies could obtain a bulk product for little to no cost to them, and should you happen to own the transportation for bringing the product to its destination only created more. Investors grew rich and enjoyed their success at making double profits, though workers were not so happy. Unrest has become a staple of the Latin America countries, and unfortunately it is usually painted by our governments as the opposite of what is occurring. To begin most Latin American countries are under a Dictatorship, where the military has absolute power and the only thing with more influence is the businesses that want to keep their labor cheap. Foreign entities train these dictators then give them the money and goods they require to help maintain the goals that the businesses request of them. Most unrest that is documented is the people of these regions rising up against these Dictators to install someone for the people, but it usually doesn’t last long as foreign interest is already setting up the next player for their scheme. Latin America once boasted an ancient civilization with brilliant people; astronomers, builders, leaders, but now is governed by what product is most in demand. These people have had foreign parties that have been molding the way they live and function for over 500 years. Even know as we campaign to help them we can’t begin to grasp that these people need more than foreign interests to stop exploiting them, they need it to change their whole way of life. It’s a double edged sword, for there shall always be a party that enters the system that is only focused on its own needs rather than the needs of the people. The world has so deeply ingrained itself in the history and creation of the crutch that Latin America lives off of and if we should take that crutch away, they still won’t be able to walk, but if we show them how to do it on their own and let them govern themselves and teach them. Maybe they’ll be able to walk for themselves someday. Work Cited Galeano, E. H. (1997). Open veins of Latin America: five centuries of the pillage of a continent (25th anniversary ed. ). New York: Monthly Review Press.

Motivation to Exercise: Social or Personal Factors?

Motivation to Exercise: Social or Personal Factors? Everybody needs to exercise regardless of ones age, gender, socio-economic status, or even physical or mental capabilities. Exercising can be in the form of sports, going to the gym or merely just walking around the housing area. According to Hornby (2005), the word exercise means activities; bodily activities such as moving the extremities or the trunk and psychological actions that is done in order to maintain health. According to Bouchard, Blair and Haskell (2007), exercise is basically considered as a repetitive psychical activity that is done to spend ones free time in order to sustain and increase a persons bodily robustness. Exercise, defined as planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1996). Exercise:  physical activity carried out for the sake of health and fitness (Soanes Stevenson, 2004). Now the question is does everybody exercise ? Is motivation important in exercising? What usually motivates a person to exercise? We know the answer to the first question by just looking at the people around us. Not everyone we know exercise. Yes, motivation is very important to exercise. As that influences a person to exercises or not to exercise. A person who exercises generally has a motive or also widely known as motivation. Motivation, according to Hornby (2005) is the explanation for a person to act in a certain manner. Motivation:  the stimulus, incentive, or inducement to act or react in a certain way. Purposeful behavior is motivated behavior, which means that either physiologic or social stimuli activate or motivate a person to do something (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007). There are different aspects to motivation. It could be an external factor or an internal factor. External motivation:   incentive that accrues as a result of influence from outside sources; inducement to act or change based on the expectations and e xamples of other people. Internal motivation: incentive that accrues from within an individual; inducement to act or change based on an inherent or intrinsic desire (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007). Motivation to exercise would vary between one person to the other. It could be to lose weight, to maintain their body figure, to increase ones self esteem, to spend time with friends or to stay healthy by avoiding degenerative diseases such as obesity, cardio-vascular disease, and hypertension. This research focuses on the two factors that contribute to the motivating a person to exercise which are the social factors and the personal factors. What is a social factor? According to Hornby (2005), the word social is defined as associated with actions that revolve around folks so that they get to congregate for contentment. The word factor according to Hornby (2005) means the reason to engage in an activity. Social motivation: an incentive or drive resulting from a sociocultural influence that init iates behavior toward a particular goal. (Nunez Fehrenbach, 2007) The social factors that is tested in this study are time spend with friends, wining in physical activities over friends, fitting in social circle and so on. What is personal factor? According to Hornby (2005), the word personal means that a person has possession of something and others do not own it. Self-motivated: motivated to do something because of ones own enthusiasm or interest, without needing pressure from others, acting on ones own initiative without external pressure (Soanes Stevenson, 2003). The personal factors that are tested in this research are that exercising gives people the time to think, to keep ones body healthy and so on. One theoretical perspective that appears useful for understanding various motivational issues in physical activity settings is self-determination theory (SDT; Deci Ryan, 2002). SDT accounts for the quality of motivation regulating behavior, as well as, the processes that facilitate motivational development (Deci Ryan, 2002) that holds considerable appeal for understanding why people initiate, persist, and terminate their involvement in various physical activities (Hagger Chatzisarantis, 2007). According to Deci and Ryan (2002), basic psychological needs represent innate nutriments (p. 7) that when satisfied authentically within social contexts promote integration, adaptation, and directly impact well-being. In contrast, environments that stifle opportunities to satisfy basic psychological needs provoke ill-being (Deci Ryan, 2002). SDT proposes that motivation is multidimensional and resides along a continuum of self-determination ranging from amotivation (i.e. when a person lacks the motivation to act) through extrinsic motivation (i.e. when a person acts in response to external cues) to intrinsic motivation (i.e. when a person acts for the inherent pleasure derived from that particular activity) (Deci and Ryan, 1985). The basic psychological needs for competence (effectively mastering challenging tasks within ones environment; Deci Ryan, 2002), autonomy (feeling a sense of ownership over ones behaviors such that they stem from an internal perceived locus of causality; Deci Ryan, 2002), and relatedness (feeling a meaningful connection with others in ones social milieu; Deci Ryan, 2002) have long been advocated within the SDT framework as fundamental to human development and well-being. SDT also considers that what goal a person holds for the activity will be important for a number of outcomes (Deci Ryan, 2002).. The content of goals can be classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic (Kasser Ryan, 1996). Intrinsic goals, such as the formation of social relationships and self-development, stem from a persons core values and are inherently rewarding to pursue. As such, they promote self determined behavior and well-being (Furnham et al., 2002). In a study conducted by Fontaine et al. (2002) based in an African American Apostolic church, 48 participants completed measures of social support, health-related quality of life, depression, exercise self-efficacy, and exercise motivation and then participated in an exercise program for 6 months. Exercise Motivation Inventory used to determine the personal motivations to participate in an exercise program comprised 14 subscales: stress management, revitalization, enjoyment, challenge, social recognition, affiliation, competition, health pressures, ill-health avoidance, positive health, weight management, appearance, strength and endurance, and nimbleness, where a higher score predicted a higher motivation. This study found that, in this community, people with high scores on affiliation were more likely to attend the exercise program. The authors concluded that exercise adherence is a complicated phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of environmental, personal, and social factor s. Social factors, in particular, may be important in promoting adherence to an exercise program in African Americans. However, it must be noted that the sample size for this study was small which prohibited the use of multivariate statistical techniques (i.e., logistic regression) to evaluate the predictive value of the study variables (Fontaine et al., 2002). In another study conducted by Gillison (2001) using a sample of 580 British schoolchildren, a model grounded in self-determination theory was explored to examine the effects of exercise goals on exercise motivation, leisure-time exercise behavior. Exercise goal content was measured using the Reasons for Exercise Inventory. Motivation towards exercise was measured using The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. This study hypothesized that self-determined motivation would partially mediate the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic goal content and leisure-time exercise. Intrinsic (and therefore more adaptive) goals for exercise can persist despite the presence of body related anxiety. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that adolescents perceiving themselves to be overweight and pressurized to lose weight endorsed extrinsic weight-related goals for exercise. Extrinsic goals negatively predicted, whereas intrinsic goals positively predicted, self-determined motivation, which in turn positively predicted exercise behavior. Self-determined motivation partially mediated the effects of exercise goals on reported exercise behavior. Results suggest that holding extrinsic exercise goals could compromise exercise participation levels. Teachers and parents are proposed with the aim of orienting young people towards intrinsic goals in an attempt to enhance future exercise behavior. It was hypothesized that self-determined motivation would positively predict participants leisure-time exercise. Conversely, extrinsic goals stem from aims to achieve outcomes separable from the activity it self, such as wealth and status, and are usually formed in response to external pressures. Extrinsic exercise goals negatively predicted, while intrinsic goals positively predicted, levels of self-determined motivation. In turn, greater self-determination in motivation predicted higher levels of leisure-time exercise. Fostering intrinsic goals could be beneficial for improving the mental health and exercise behavior in adolescents (Gillison, 2001). Dishman, Hales, Ward, Pfeiffer, Felton, Saunders, Dowda and Pate (2006), conducted a study on 1250 girls (39% White, 54.6% Black and 3.9% Others) whose mean age are of 17.66 years old from public high schools in South Carolina. The results of their study indicated that as bodily actions and partaking in games increases in an individual, their general perception of ones physical self increases too. General perception of ones physical self in this study focuses on aspects such as power, stamina, looks, and skills in a game. This means that people take part in games and exercise to increase their self-esteem or skills to avoid psychological conditions like depression. Although this study was conducted only among females and of those in the youth category, the results can still be applied to people of all ages and all walk of lives as exercising and its motivation are applicable for everyone. Ekeland, Heian, and Hagen (2005) conducted a study on 1821 kids and youngsters on the relationship between self-esteem and exercising. They discovered that physical activity is highly related positively with self-esteem. As the number of participants is high, the results can be well substantiated. On the other hand, there are many social factors that seem to be more convincing as compared to personal factors in predicting the motivation on exercising. Group cohesion plays an important role in this content. It contributes a positive connection on exercising regarding different aspects of group. All individuals that formed a group will become more significant. A persons act is influence by a group. It has been proven that there are effective associations between the mutual effort and conceptions of stay in a group. Abele and Ehrhart (as cited in Spink, Wilson, Priebe, 2010) proposed that as peoples thought themselves and others were in the same group, peoples were put more efforts toward the task that they work together. There are five specific variables identified by Carron Hausenblas (1998). The five variables are common fate, mutual benefit, social structure, group processes, and self-categorization. Common fate can be described as an event that joins by all the group membe rs and they share the same consequences together (Fiedler, 1967). Mutual benefit implies that the requirements obtained among the group members in a certain works (Bass, 1960).Whereas social structure can be defined as the position and duty in a group (Sherif Sherif, 1956). Shaw (1981) commented group processes as the conversation and useful interactions that take place within a group. The last variable that is self-categorization implies a sense of belongingness in one group (Brown, 1988). The five variables play an important role in the social aspect part to determine the motivation towards exercising. There is hypothesis on the five variables; common fate, mutual benefit, social structure, group processes, and self-categorization have a definite connection to the self-report regarding the devotion in an exercising activities (Spink, Wilson, Priebe, 2010). There are four evidences that support this hypothesis. Previous research conducted by Massie Shephard (1971) showed that th e attendance is higher in group-based exercise programs than individual or family ones. Steers Rhodes (1978) found out that there is a different type of adherence; energy expenditure can be seen in individual that more apprehend on group aspects in their structured exercise assembly. Furthermore, groupness can be considered to be related to adherence in exercise programs as members show more interest in remaining in a group through the cohesion mechanism that aid in fasten peoples together (Fraser Spink, 2002). Another factor that motivates exercising is exercising with the presence of friends. This happens especially in low-self monitoring individuals. The character that friend act in a persons life is significant as considered in the amount of time spend, variability of activities and role that friend can play. By viewing in this context, the fact that friend plays an important role in an individuals lives cannot be deny. It is an important matter to choose a compatible friend to engage in social activities particularly in exercising. Some knowledge and skills on the appropriate way to perform the activities is useful if all of these own by the friend (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). The exercise that carry out seem to be much more easier if one is accompanied by friend that displayed competence and expertise in performing particular activities (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). One that is get motivated will do more effort in displaying his or her competency and expertise and act in a suitable way in carry out certain exercise because of the opportunity that he or she received from friend that considered specialist in an activity (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). There is also fact that friend will affect one in exercise through the mindset, affection, and choice towards partner that one will carry out physical activities with (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). The extent to which a person shows his or her liking towards the partner will influence a person in engaging in an activity. There are people who look for coherence between their attitude and course of action in real life. In this case, people particularly in low-self monitoring person will be more likely to spend their time with their preferred partner. Correspond to this; the person will increase their approach towards specific peoples in their social circle and also their behavioral preference in the activities with those that they preferred (Synder, Gangestad, Simpson, 1983). There are some differences between high-self monitoring and low-self monitoring people in selecting their social partner. In general, the presence of friend is substantial in boosting the attitude in engaging social activities like exercise. Belza, Walwick, Schwartz, LoGerfo, Shiu-Thornton, Taylor (2004), conducted their study on 71 adults (42 females and 29 males) with their mean age being 71.6 years old on seven groups that differ in ethnicity and their mother-tongue in America such as the African American, American Indian, Native Alaskan, etc where almost 35 of them exercise on a regular basis. The participants were asked on what drove them to exercise (eg: wellbeing looks, able to hang around wi th people and so on). They found that most the participants believe that they exercise because they it benefits them both in the social aspect and health purposes (to manage constant conditions such as ache, high blood pressure, arthritis and high glucose level in the blood). He also found that when a persons overall motivation (social and personal) drops, his or her bodily activity level drops as well. This study is done to investigate whether personal factors or social factors contribute more motivation to exercise. Theory of self-efficacy, which states that the more individuals believe in their ability to perform a course of action and in the positive outcomes of those actions, the more likely they will be to initiate and persist in a given activity (Bandura, 1997). Bandura (1997) describes four sources of information that influence self-efficacy expectations (and presumably outcome expectations) and consequently actual behavior: performance of the activity, verbal encouragement from others, exposure to role models, and physiological feedback or physical sensations experienced during the activity. In a study aimed at establishing what aspects of self-efficacy theory helped initiate and engage in regular exercise, and what decreased the willingness to exercise, a total of 148 older adults from 12 Senior Centers participated, with the majority of the participants being female African American. Findings support the use of the theory of self-efficacy to change behavior among minority older adults. In this study, the extrinsic incentives were emphasized to motivate the participants. The motivational component of the program included verbal encouragement and goal setting with small incentive gifts for goal achievement, cueing to exercise through the use of written material and calendars, and role modeling of exercise through exposure to the lay exercise leader and other group members. The participants in this study specifically recognized the importance of social supports as a source of motivation to exercise. The participants reported that it was laziness that prevented them from exercising, and they needed the group interaction to motivate them to come to exercise class. This external force helped participants to rekindle old exercise habits, to initiate an exercise program, or to increase the amount of exercise they did. This study was limited in that it included only older adults who volunteered to participate in an exercise program and regularly attended senior centers (Lu isi et al., 2006). Methodology Participants Data was collected from 27th up to 31st January 2011. There were 130 subjects (51 males and 79 females) who filled the survey completely. The age range was from 18 to 65 years old and the mean age was 22.669 years old. The data was consisting of 58 Malay, 17 Chinese, 21 Indians, and 34 participants from other race such as; Korean, African, Sikh, Arabian, Pakistani and Mauritanian. We also asked their perspective of their body weight by rating the scale which provided inside the demographic (refer to appendix B). We did a convenience sampling survey in Petaling Jaya and Johor. Refer to table 1. Demographic Mean Frequency Percentages Age Gender Male Female Total Ethnicity Malay Chinese Indian Others Total Perspective of body weight Underweight Normal Overweight Obese Total 22.669 130 51 79 130 17 58 21 34 130 9 99 20 2 130 100 39.2 60.8 100 13.1 44.6 16.2 26.2 100 6.9 76.2 15.4 1.5 100 Measurement The survey questions were adapted from The Exercise Motivation Inventory (Markland and Hardy, 1993) questionnaire. However, we selected and modified some of the questions. In total, there was 20 Questions inside our survey which contained of 10 Social Factor question and 10 Personal Factor Question. This survey used a 5 scale; Not Important=1, Less Important= 2, Neutral=3, Moderately important=4, and Very Important=5. The measurement was appropriate for our study because it was not only asking people who do any exercise regularly such as fitness but also for people who do not regularly exercise. The questionnaire was referring to healthiness, diet and body shape, and environment relation. Furthermore, EMI is suitable to be assigned to younger (at least 18 years old) and older people. Procedure First, we developed the survey and delivered it to course instructor. After receiving the approval we then can started collecting the data. The participants were asked by the researchers to fill the survey voluntarily. After they agreed, they were given a consent form and the survey form. All information about this study was clearly written down on the consent form. It took approximately 10 minutes to fill the survey and participants may withdraw from the study anytime when they feel unsecure or disturbed. After they fully filled the survey, they may give it back to the researchers and leave. We found some problems while collecting the data, some of the subjects refuse to join this study because they do not understand the English language properly, they needed to go to their next class, below the minimum age or just refused to participate without any reason. Results To investigate the relationship between types of motivation and level of motivation, a Paired Sample T-Test was used. As seen in Table 2, there is a significant relationship between types of motivation and level of motivation, t (129) = 8.479, p Table 2 Mean Differences Between Personal Factors and Social Factors that motivate Exercising Variable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  df  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  t   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal Factors Social Factors Older Adult Perspectives on Physical Activity and Exercise: Voices From Multiple Cultures Basia Belza, PhD, RN, Julie Walwick, MSW, Sheryl Schwartz, PhD, James LoGerfo, MD, MPH, Sharyne Shiu-Thornton, PhD, and Mary Taylor, BSN, RN (2004) Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L. (2007). Physical activity and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Dishman, R.K., Hales, D.P., Pfeiffer, K.A., Felton,G., Saunders,R., Ward, D.S., Dowda,M. and Pate, R.R. (2006). Physical Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Mediate Cross-Sectional Relations of Physical Activity and Sports Participation With Depression Symptoms Among Adolescent Girls. Health Psychology, 25(3), 396-407. Ekeland,E., Heian, F., Hagen, K.B.(2005). Can exercise improve se;f-esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792-798. Hornby, A.S.(2005). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Arc-Surface Intersection Method

Arc-Surface Intersection Method

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

In the poem, The Canterbury Tales, there were two characters that were completely from each other. The two characters were two parts of a whole which is a dichotomy, for example there were a ying and a yang. The parson was the light side, which is the ying and the friar represents the yang. The parson is a good man who is poor, but he is rich in holy thoughts and works. He was satisfied with himself for knowing he had very little, and he was also very benign, and was also ready to give his poor parishioners anything that he could get. Chaucer does this to show the good side of The Church, and Chaucer does not do that real often in his tales. The friar is the exact opposite. He was the best friar around because no one knew as much dalliance and sweet talk as he did. He knew all the taverns, innkeepers and barmaids more than the lepers and beggars. He believed that being seen with paupers was not good for a man in his position and there was no profit to be made with them, unlike with the rich and the sellers of food which is profitable. He was also the best beggar in the area and no one else moved into his turf. In his tale he was a man that said he would pretend that he was holy. He also gives the best pardons to the people that give him the maximum amount of money. In the poem, Chaucer makes a statement that says he is the only person that practices his profession accurately. During the Middle Ages friars were supposed to attack sinners and evil away from the people, but they soon figured out that this was a profitable business. The most ironic thing about the friars was that they were supposed to drive evil away from people, but they committed evil deeds themselves.

Essay --

Chapter Four: Related work there are several work and study on text category with Arabic text and every work take the study from some points and leave others depend on type of study. in [68] make classification for Arabic text and the result was that very robust and reliable without morphological analysis, in [71] make comparative study using N-Gram and using two measures, Manhattan measure and Dice’s measure and make comparison between them and the result was the N-Gram with Dice's measure better than using Manhattan measure and make experimental on four category, in other [83] Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using EM, Been proposed Algorithm used expectation - maximization with the naive Bayes classifier to learn from the documents labeled and non-labeled, The first step classifier using trains and documents named, and labels potentially Unnamed documents. And then trained on the new classifier using the labels for all the documents, and is repeated to convergence. many rese arches are proposed and presented for the problem of the Arabic text classification In this section we mention the main algorithms of these studies such as: Decision tree [36], KNN [37,38,39,40], NB [17,41,42], N-Gram frequency [5,45],Rocchio [4], SVM [19,21,43], and distance based classifier [ 46,47,48]. †¢ Syiam et. al. [40] presented an intelligent Arabic text categorization system that used the KNN and Rocchio profile-based [50] classifiers to classify a set of Arabic text documents collected from three Egyptians news paper called Al Ahram, Al Gomhoria, and Al Akhbar during the period from August 1998 to September 2004. the corpus contains 1132 documents with 39468 words and cover six topics. Three approaches were adopted as pre... ... Agency website. The corpus contain 1562 documents of different lengths belongs to six categories. The documents were normalized and preprocessed by removing digits, foreign words, punctuation marks, and stop-words. The Chi square method was used for feature selection with various numbers of words ranging from 10 to 1000. The corpus was spied such as 70% of the documents were used for training the classifier while the remaining 30% of documents were used for testing. Three evaluation measures precision, recall, and F-measure were used to evaluate the performance of the NB classifier. Results showed that the NB classifier work well when the number of words grows. The NB classifier reach its peak for precision and F-measure when the number of selected words equal 800 words, while the peak for the recall measure was when the number of selected words equal to 700 words.

Political Science Essay

Non-governmental organizations and Inter-governmental organization are defined as actors in the international level which operate and they carry out their activities without any state control. Non-governmental organizations are formed voluntarily by citizens, with the aim of charitable participation within the organization. They are independent within the laws of society and are managed by those elected or the appointed board. Its legal status is based on freedom of association, one of the most basic human rights. This paper will focus on various aspects of these two kinds of organizations and their effects on the international relations of a state. NGOs are not established with the purpose of making profit rather they are engaged in revenue-generating activities. The revenue obtained is used in pursuit of the organization’s mission. Employees get the proper reward for relevant work done. Nevertheless, boards are not paid for the work they do but are reimbursed for any expense they incur in executing board duties. In addition, NGOs aims at improving the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on issues detrimental to the well being of the society as a whole (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). There exists great diversification in terms of independence, size of business, source of funding, international reach and operating procedures. These organizations can execute projects, shield or promote specific causes and seek to manipulate policy. NGOs are not subject to international law and include organizations like Amnesty international, the International chamber of Commerce and International Red Cross. IGOs  Intergovernmental organizations, commonly abbreviated as IGOs, comprise of sovereign states that are positioned to carry out projects and plans in common interest. NGOs act in conjunction with IGOs by complimenting IGO- initiated and funded programmes, as operational partners. IGOs include organizations like the European Union and the international financial institutions, World Bank. Most of IGOs work for and are financed by rich corporations and some state governments (Beigbeder, 1991). They are important aspect of public international law and are formed by treaty that acts as a bond creating the group. IGOs plays a major role by providing means of cooperation and multiple channels of communication between and among states in fields which cooperation and communication provides advantages for almost all nations. With the major roles of IGOs as rule making, data collection and agenda setting, they decrease uncertainty between states and explore cooperative solution for international problems. IGOs may manipulate norms of international relations and preferences of nation-states; for instance, the United Nations Environment Program which played key role in the conception of regimes such as the protection of the Mediterranean Sea. A well known case is the International Atomic Energy Agency which evidenced that IGOs play a significant role in monitoring principles, norms and rules of international institutions and international regimes. Infrastructure has developed within states as IGOs are greatly concerned with technical issues like telecommunication, postal services, transportation and environmental management. Economic development has been witnessed with IMF and the World Bank being successful in money flowing, debt management and financing debt issues between rich and poor states. States are able to obtain information about the international society and politics. Decisions made by IGOs are as a result of negotiations among the governmental agents assigned to them. Activities of IGOs such as the UN and the IMF are seen to be more influential for most diminutive countries as compared with countries with very big powers as they are not constrained too much by their principles. NGOs exists in many kinds such as transnational, governmental organized, governmental regulated and initiated, business and industry, transnational social movements and anti-governmental. For the recent decade their effectiveness for transnational politics has become pertinent and their number increased. NGOs mobilize universal networks by creating transnational organizations, gathering data on local conditions through associates around the world, creating immediate response and drum up pressure from the outside states. NGOs work hand in hand with IGOs by participating in their conferences and engaging in social appointments, building communal coalitions, raising new agendas and addressing IGOs meetings (Beigbeder, 1991). They also maintain inter-state collaboration by preparing backing papers, reports and refining delegates of states to narrow technical gap, intensifying policy options and bringing delegates together. They carry out activities within states such as linking to local partners and transnational movements, providing humanitarian aid protecting persons in danger. NGOs promote public participation within states by bringing awareness to the government delegates that they are being watched. This is achieved through the endless effort in increasing transparency and honesty of international negotiations and public institutions and aggravating public protest. They do mobilization of international community to fight against oppression, afflict, group and personal rights. Effects of NGOs and NGOs on international relations of a state Non-state actors have caused great transformation in international relations as they have become the major determinants of foreign policies of nation states as they have remained active in playing their major roles in more than one state. They are involved in both domestic and international settings. Through their personal connection with their employees, they help nation states to solve problems such as climatological changes, shortage of food, poverty, and insufficient natural resources. In many cases of political conflicts like the cold war which resulted to tribalism and other cultural cleavages, many non-state actors have been involved to solve them and shape national, regional and international policies and thus their role has been widely accepted by many political scientists. However, these scientists only differed on the level of relevance and effectiveness of non-state actors. Intergovernmental organizations and Non-governmental organizations are included in the part of world system and are source of effectiveness in international politics. In today’s world, it has become quite difficult to evaluate international politics and pattern without attaching the great influence of non-state actors which are gaining position. Moreover, non-state actors have shown concern with the rural poor and have managed to maintain field presence in distant locations where it quite difficult to keep government staff in station. They have identified the needs of the rural poor in terms of agricultural developments. They have also implemented new systems for testing new technology such as soya production in Bangladesh (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). In other cases, non-state actors have assisted to organize landless labourers to get and operate water pumping technology and irrigation schemes. Concisely, they have sustained joint efforts in soil and water conservation whether is on private land or on micro-watershed areas. Conclusion  In conclusion, increased transactions, awareness and common concern on regional and global problems require collaboration between states and non-state actors so as to maintain their welfare. These organizations will also require further cooperation and communication among themselves to strengthen their effectiveness as actors in the implementation of sustainable achievement. Nation-states including the most powerful one, the United States, have to attach great significance to non-state actors in order to improve and achieve their main interests.

Equity and Trusts: Barnes V Addy Second Limb

Introduction This paper examines the training and scope of retainer obligation chthonic the sustain subdivision of exceptnes v Addy as it stands in both England and Australia. As to the im percentiality in England, the revolve around will be on the rearticulation of the pattern of attendant liability on a lower floor the bite stunnedgrowth as verbalise in royal stag Brunei Air crinkle of reasonings Sdn Bhd v Tan. In fragmentizeicular, it will generate on the finale to which the decision has reconciled inconsistencies in prior authority and remedied those issues propounded to be inherent in the traditional formulation of the dominion. At this stage, this traditional commandment remains good police in Australia.However, as suggested in Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd, there is potential for the English move up to be adopted in the Australian context. Such an adoption whitethorn be advisable in light-hearted of the legal and extra-juridic comm entary suggesting that the Jewish-Orthodox start out is in situation non properly adjust with upright doctrines. The discussion of this possibility involves non but an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of distributively plan of attack, still also a determination as to the extent to which the separate application of each onrush could result in a divergent out observe.The development of the second tree branch of Barnes v Addy in Australia- sagacious helper The classic authority on the start in which tercet parties will be held accountable for their involvement in a cave in of trust or fiducial avocation is the English look of Barnes v Addy. It was in this case that nobleman Selbourne LC render the more than cited and analysed command of principle that has come to form the modern natural law trangers ar not to be do positive trustees merely because they act as the agents of trusteesunless those agents fulfil and become chargeable with some p art of the trust property, or unless they assist with companionship in a ambidextrous and two-faced design on the part of the trustees. This statement has come to be understood as allowing liability to be imputed on a companionship in two trenchant dowery, where the threesome society either wittingly receives trust property, or assists with fellowship in a breach of trust or fiduciary duty.This paper realizeks only to consider the latter. In what ostensibly remains the irresponsible case on this second tree branch of Barnes v Addy in Australia, the ut approximately woo in Consul organic evolution Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd, (Consul developing v DPC) not unlike former(a) cases at the time, focussed predominantly on the level of intimacy which would be sufficient to attract supplementation liability in the circumstances before them.The primary move was not integrity of the im place or contrastingwise of the actions of the ternary political society, but o f that troika base partys cognition of the treachery of the fiduciary. The legal age, it seems, pull in that the terms constructive observation and tangible notice did not in themselves comprise the requisite sophistication for dealing with the matter of the noesis of the third party.They so whizzr expressed the take spot of fellowship within particular parameters, with neither Stephen J nor Gibbs J willing to extend these parameters to embroil a negligent hardship to question on behalf of the third party. In Equiticorp finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand, Kirby P (in dissent) indicated support for the Consul taste of experience, and act to straighten out the judgement in Consul information v DPC with reference work to the decision in Baden, Delvaxs & Lecuit v Societe Generale stream Favoriser le Development du doctor et de LIndustrie en France SA (Baden).He equated the peaks of knowledge arrange out by the extravagantly woo in Consul Development v DPC wit h the get-go base four categories as stated in Baden thereby confirming that both actual and constructive knowledge, but not constructive notice, would constitute the requisite degree of knowledge necessary to render a third party liable under the second limb of Barnes v Addy. Similar determinations lease been made in later cases where Consul Development v DPC has been decl ard authority on the matter, although such an denotive reference to the Baden plate is not constantly set up.Conversely, former(a) judge bewilder found the judgement in Consul Development v DPC to be inconclusive, adopting a narrow interpretation of the judgement of Stephen J and restricting the requisite knowledge only to the prototypical three categories of the Baden carapace. This tendency toward a narrow approach increased sideline the decision in purplish Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan ( over-embellished Brunei) as courts attempted to reconcile the UK and Australian lines of authority.However in new(prenominal)wise cases, such as Gertsch v Atsas it was held that that the borrowing of the first four Baden categories was synonymous with judge a standard of simpley. Given the inharmonic state of the Australian authorities, the risque flirt took the opportunity in Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd, (Farah Constructions) to shed light on the Australian position on knowing attention.Their Honours declared, in obiter, that Australian courts should take place to follow the decision in Consul Development v DPC, thereby continuing to see as necessary the essential of a dishonest design on the part of the fiduciary, and subscribing to the proposition that where the third partys knowledge falls within the first four categories of the Baden graduated table it will coiffe the requirement of knowledge under the second limb of Barnes v Addy.In what has been referred to as a profound shift in the rules of judicial engagement pursuance Farah Constructions, lower co urts give birth regarded themselves as obligated to follow the obiter of the High adjudicatehip and have thus returned to an orthodox approach. However, the law in Australia is far from colonized on this point and a case is yet to come before the High Court with the facts necessary to allow for a reconsideration of the principles enunciated by the Privy Council in munificent Brunei. The development of the second limb of Barnes v Addy in England- dishonest supporterWhile in Australia the courts are travel to an orthodox approach towards ally liability, in England, the courts are grappling with a reformulation of the principles under the second limb of Barnes v Addy following the decision in Royal Brunei. In this case, the Privy Council refocussed the relevant doubtfulness in cases concerning liability under the second limb of Barnes v Addy away from the third partys knowledge of the trustees artifice, to the dishonesty of the improver themselves.Consequently, the dishonesty (or guideiness thereof) of the trustee or fiduciary is digressive as it is the dishonesty on the part of the accessory that attracts liability. There is nothing virgin about the application of a dishonesty-based in motion into the liability of accessories to a breach of fiduciary duty, with maestro Nicholls suggesting that before the research donned its Barnes v Addy strait-jacket judges hadnt regarded themselves as confined to inquiries into the levels of knowledge of the accessory.It may til now be said that the dishonesty-based doubtfulness had contain its place in contemporary law prior to Royal Brunei, and that it was merely obscured by the additional and more tedious requirement of determining the level of knowledge of the accessory. For example, in Agip (Africa) Ltd v capital of Mississippi Millet J stated There is no sense in requiring dishonesty on the part of the monger slice accepting negligence as sufficient for his assistant. scoundrelly furtherance of the d ishonest outline of another is an understandable basis for liability negligent but honest failure to appreciate that someone elses scheme is dishonest is not. This can be set aboard other cases which suggest that that the requirement of dishonesty on the part of the principle is in fact a compelling basis not to require dishonesty on the part of the fiduciary, as they are an accessory who merely takes to be is conjugated to the bring of the principle. Millet J, however, seemingly wishes to see this principle extended, so that dishonesty is required on the part of both parties.The decision in Royal Brunei does not precisely repeat this formulation of the dishonestly principle ( superior Nicholls in the end went on to conclude that that the fiduciary need not be dishonest at all in order for the accessory to be held accountable), but instead clarifies and affirms a general principle in light of other commentary on the point. Consequently, maestro Nicholls in his judgement has set out what is necessary for the dubiousness into the accessorys dishonesty, stating that courts should look to determine whether the person acted as an honest person would in the circumstances in light of their actual knowledge at the time.He further explains that the question should be approached objectively and indicates that the test is not one of the mediocre person. He seeks to finish off this test of dishonesty with the following examples If a person knowlingly leaves anothers property, he will not escape a finding of dishonesty simply because he sees nothing wrong in such behaviourHonest people do not knowingly take others propertyor participate in a transaction if he knows it involves a misapplication of trust assets to the detriment of the beneficiaries.Nor does an honest person in such a case deliberately close his eyeball and ears, or deliberately not pick up questions, lest he learn something he would alternatively not know, then proceed regardless. This passa ge, while meant to further explain the test for dishonesty, ab initio seems difficult to reconcile with later comments, where his Lordship makes explicit reference to the departure from the orthodox inquiry into degrees of knowledge, stating that the word knowlingly should be avoided and that the Baden scale was scoop up forgotten.While it seems unproblematic to abandon the Baden scale of knowledge, commentators and courts alike have found difficultly in divorcing the concept of dishonesty from knowledge itself and the most recent authoritative decision on the point Barlow Clowes international Ltd v Eurotrust supranational Ltd (Barlow Clowes) confirms that an inquiry into dishonesty does to some degree require an inquiry into the knowledge of the third party. Comparison of the English and Australian position One of the objectives of the court in Royal Brunei was to remedy some of the problems with the orthodox approach to accessory liability.Such problems were not only present i n English courts, but have also plagued Australian courts and were not unyielding in by the High Courts affirmation of the knowledge-based test in Farah Constructions. Firstly, Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei want to realign the principles of accessory liability with candid doctrines and focussed primarily on the conscience of the accessory themselves. In the orthodox approach, as expressed in Consul Developments v DPC, the inquiry is not into the state of mind of the accessory themselves but into the accessorys knowledge of anothers state of mind.It has been suggested that the inquiry has thus been misplaced, and that although it results in an indirect finding of dishonesty on the part of the accessory, it is much further removed from true principles than the Royal Brunei approach. Lord Nicholls also sought to do away with the confusion surrounding the need for judges to get along between the different levels of knowledge, in particular constructive knowledge and constructive n otice.However, as noted above, Lord Nicholls on several occasions makes reference to the knowledge of the accessory which is the reason that the degree to which the test of dishonesty is divorced from an inquiry into knowledge has been questioned. However, what must be realised here is that the inquiry into knowledge that is embarked upon as part of the dishonesty based approach is different to that which was required under the knowledge based approach.This redirection for the knowledge inquiry was first considered in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley where a hindrance arose in determining whether Lord Nicholls had think for an objective or subjective approach to be taken to dishonesty. In the steer judgement, Lord Hutton tendered the feature test which required that the third partys conduct be dishonest by the standards of the reasonable person as well as requiring an appreciation by the third party that by those standards his or her conduct was dishonest.This combined test endured much academic criticism and was seen as being inconsistent with the objective test enunciated by Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei. The Privy Council, and in particular, Lord Hoffman (who was in the major(ip)ity in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley) had the opportunity in Barlow Clowes to clarify the comments made in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley. It was stated that the majority in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley had, in fact, always espoused a test in line with that which was conceptualised in Royal Brunei and it was commentators who had skewed this test into a different form.Despite the contempt that many commentators had for this account, the statement of a complete principle of dishonest assistance was applauded. Incorporated in this principle was the conclusion that the liability of the accessory was not dependant on a requirement for fraud or dishonesty on the part of the fiduciary, but depended simply upon whether the accessory was at fault. This is the converse position of the orthodox approach, where by a third party can escape liability counterbalance where they know they are assisting in a breach of fiduciary duty, provided that the fiduciary was not acting dishonestly.Thomas J in Powell v Thompson held that protecting a person with a guilty conscience in this mien was not in line with just principles, and his consequent assertion that the conduct of the principle should be irrelevant was later approved in Brunei. One significant payoff of the divergent approaches in what are before long the UK and Australian positions on this matter would be the substantial difference in issuing in cases where the fiduciary had acted innocently.Provided that all other requirements are satisfied, in the UK the accessory would be held liable however in Australia they would not. supercharge to this, while some Australian judges have found it difficult to distinguish the traditional approach from that of Royal Brunei, the fact that the orthodox reliance on the Baden scale restricts invest igations only to knowledge and not to other attributes or types of conduct, lends weight to the argument that in certain circumstances there would be divergent outcomes of the two approaches. Perhaps, it is best to take FarahConstructions as authority on this point, with the High Court in this case imputing that one of the reasons it is directing courts to treat the approaches distinctly is receivable to the potential for the different formulations of the principle to leave behind to different results. Conclusion In line with the arguments presented in this paper, it is submitted that the approach to accessory liability espoused in Royal Brunei is preferable to that which was propounded in Consul Development v DPC due what is an ostensive irreconcilability of the latter case with conventional equitable doctrines.This assertion turns on the manner in which the judges in Consul Development v DPC dealt with the requirement for a dishonest and fraudulent design on the part of the f iduciary as per Lord Selbourne LC in Barnes v Addy. Like many other cases at the time, Consul Development v DPC was concerned more with attempts to define what Lord Selbourne had meant by a dishonest and fraudulent design quite than questioning whether it was an appropriate criterion for the duplicity of liability on a third party.Consequently, when it came to fulfilling equitys calls as to inquiries into the conscience of the defendant, courts were misguided and came to focus instead on the conscience of the principle. The arguments in favour of the retention of this approach are largely set out in reliance on the requirement that the third party be implicated in the conduct of the fiduciary. However, as suggested in Royal Brunei, assistance in itself should be lavish to draw a sufficient conjunctive between the accessory and the fiduciary.It was this realisation which enabled Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei to reformulate the principle under the second limb of Barnes v Addy so a s to redirect inquiries into the minds of defendants to their appropriate place in accordance with equitable principles. Although the adoption of the approach in Brunei may not result in major shift in the law of accessory liability in Australia, its reflection of circumstances in which the third party can be held liable flat where the fiduciary is innocent would at the rattling least resolve the seemingly inequitable approach to this point as it stands in current Australian law. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Aitken, L, Unforgiven Some thoughts on Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 29 Australian Bar round off 195 Andrews, G, The redundancy of dishonest assistance (2003) 8 Conveyancing and Property law of nature ledger 1 Birks, P, Misdirected funds indemnity from the Recipient (1989) Lloyds Maritime & Commercial LQ 296 Chambers, R, penetrative Receipt Frozen In Australia (2007) 2 Journal of Equity 40 Cope, M, A comparative evaluation of developments in equitable relief for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of trust 2006 QUT law of nature Journal 7Cope, M, faithful Obligations Duties, Defences and Remedies (2008), legal philosophybook Co, Pyrmont. Hoffman, L, The Redundancy of penetrative Assistance in Birks, P (ed), The Frontiers of Liability, (1994) vol 1, Oxford University Press, New York Dietrich, J & Ridge, P The receipt of what? questions concerning third party recipient role liability in equity and inequitable enrichment 2007 Melbourne University righteousness Review 3 Harding, M & Malkin, I, The High Court of Australias Obiter Dicta and Decision-Making in Lower Courts 34 Sydney practice of law Review 2 Kirby, M, Equitys Australian Isolationism (2008) 8 Melbourne University Law Review 2Kiri, N, Recipient and accessory liability- where do we stand now? (2006) 21 Journal of International Banking Law and Regulation 11 Loughlan, P L, Liability for Assistance in a Breach of Fiduciary obligation (1989) 9 Oxford Leg St udies 260 mason, K, President Masons Farewell Speech (2008) 82 Australian Law Journal 11 Ong, D, The Knowledge or Role that makes a Person an Accessory under the Barnes v Addy Principle (2005) 17 Bond Law Review 6 Radan, P Stewart, C, Principles of Australian Equity Trusts, (2010), LexisNexis Australia, ChatswoodSullivan, G R, Framing an delightful General Offence of Fraud (1989) 53 Journal of Criminal Law 92 Thomas, S B, Knowing Receipt and Knowing Assistance Where do we stand? (1997) 20 UNSW Law Journal 1 Thornton, R, Dishonest Assistance Guilty Conscience or Guilty Mind? 2002 61 Cambridge Law Journal 3 ? Case Law Aequitas v AEFC 2001 NSWSC 14 Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson 1990 Ch 265 Air Canada v ML Travel Ltd (1993) 108 DLR (4th) 592 Attorney-General v hatful of Leicester (1844) 7 Beav 176 ASIC v AS Nominees (1995) 133 ALR 1Baden Delvaux Lecuit v Societe Generale pour Favorisier le Developpment du Commerce et de lIndustrie en France SA 1992 4 exclusively ER 279 Barlow Clo wes International Ltd v Eurotrust International Ltd 2006 1 all in all ER 333 Barnes v Addy (1874) 9 Ch App 214 margin Petroleum NL v Johnson (1993) 115 ALR 411 Belmont pay Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) 1980 1 tout ensemble ER 393 Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Herbert metalworker Co (No 2) 1969 2 Ch 276 Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd (1975) 132 CLR 373 Corporate Systems Publishing Pty Ltd v Lingard No 4 2008 WASC 21 Coshott v Lenin 2007 NSWCA 153Digital Cinema Network Pty Ltd v Hepburn (No 4) 2011 FCA 509 DPC Estates v Grey 1974 1 NSWLR 433 shoot Trust plc v SPC Securities Ltd 1992 4 All ER 489 Eaves v Hickson (1861) 30 Beav 136 Equiticorp finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand (1993) 32 NSWLR 50 Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 account v Flyer (1841) 3 Beav 141 Gertsch v Atsas(1999) 10 BPR 18,431 John Alexanders associations Pty Ltd v exsanguine City Tennis Club Ltd pedestrian Corp Pty Ltd vWhite City Tennis Club Ltd (2 010) 241 CLR 1 Karak Rubber Co Ltd v Burden 1972 1 All ER 1210 Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) 2009 NSWCA 428Lipkin Gorman v Kapnale Ltd 1992 4 All ER 451 Maher v Millenium Markets Pty Ltd 2004 VSC 174 NCR Australia Pty Ltd v quote Connection Pty Ltd 2005 NSWSC 111 New Cap Reinsurance Corporation Ltd v General Cologne Re Australia Ltd 2004 NSWSC 781 Ninety Five Pty Ltd in liq v Banque Nationale de Paris 1988 WAR 132 Powell v Thompson 1991 NZLR 597 Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan Kok Ming 1995 2 AC 378 Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Cradock (No 3) 1968 1 WLR 155 Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley 2002 2 AC 164 Voss v Davidson & Ors 2002 QSC 316 Yeshiva Properties No 1 Pty Ltd v Marshall (2005) 219 ALR 11

Article or Case Law Search Essay

What is case law? character reference law ar decisions that has been instituted by a judicial determination and some are placed into action by the corpse of legislators. Several case law reddents deals with the circumstantial regulatory health pull off issues. This paper go forbidden inform the endorser of how the issues relates to the nature, sources, and functions of the law.Issues related to the nature, sources, and functionsThe inexpensive Care morsel was passed by sexual intercourse and then signed into law by the President on March 23 2010. On June 28, 2012 the Supreme Court rendered a final decision to up intimidate the health wish law. (health dispense.gov, 2012) The cheap wellnesscare sham affords new means to hold insurance companies responsible and offers strong selections for customers. The checkup spillage Ratio (MLR) is cognise as a percentage that healthcare insurance underwriters mustiness meet or better known as the MLR requirement. healthcare insurers are necessitate by the low- bell Care do work to produce a reimbursement to its consumers. The Medical Loss Ratio financial measurement employ in the Affordable Care practice to help ensure that health plans take into account significant value to c each(prenominal)rs. The following is an warning of how insurers use the MLR if an insurer uses 80 cents out of every premium dollar to compensate its customers medical checkup claims and activities that improve the tone of care the connection has a medical departure ratio of 80%.A medical loss ratio of 80% indicates that the insurer is using the remaining 20 cents of each(prenominal) premium dollar to pay knock expenses, such as marketing, lettuce, salaries, administrative costs, and broker commissions. The Affordable Care Act sets stripped medical loss ratios for divers(prenominal) markets, as do some state laws. (Healthcare.gov, 2012) The Affordable Care Act Law forces payer insurance policies for persons or g roups to devote at least 80% of payments of medical caredirectly paid on behalf of the patient, that are meant to improve their quality of care. Payers marketing to king-size groups are postulate to spend 85% of those payments made for care and quality enhancement. The Affordable Care Act rule allow not apply to companies that function as self-insured plans. Payer companies are need to survey each year to the Human serve department regarding payments spent on quality improvement and health care go and any price reductions applied to consumer accounts. The first report, was in 2011, and the newest in June of 2012. Payers are obligated to steel the first of rebates to consumers in August of 2012. (Healthcare.gov, 2012)This Act has good and bad ramifications. First the Act which is source law from the legislator, which not lone(prenominal) creates new rules of law it also sweeps by existing inconvenient rules. The act has possible for ensuring that quality of care continues to improve, hitherto companies that do not meet these standards are required to give a premium rebate to the consumer. What the law doesnt say is how lots of a rebate is required to give. The 20% is for overhead and quality improvements. The overhead of the company could be more than 20% therefore the consumer is left with no rebate. That rebate genuinely plainly works out to be very small 10-15 dollars per consumer. Companies like oversize insurance payers spend 10 clock those figures on quality improvements. I perk up worked in Healthcare for several historic period and in early 2005 legislation went by that required all Healthcare governing bodys drag in some sort of purposeful use Electronic Health Record by 2014.This is a massive under fetching for most healthcare institutions and the government was only offering up to $40,000 per healthcare organization to assist with this implementation. For a lot of small provider organizations this was a good deal, however the larger insurance companies and healthcare organizations would be spending millions on Electronic Health Records. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare (CMS) only about 25% of healthcare organizations as of 2011 are up and running on a meaningful use EHR. (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012) These improvements the healthcare organizations are fashioning with regards to EHRs are far surpassing the required 20% a year even if you break it down each year.October 1, 2013, medical coding in U.S. health care will be modified from ICD-9 to magnetic variation 10. All healthcare related systems that is protected by the Health Insurance Portability and obligation Act (HIPAA) are required to draw off the transition, not just those healthcare institutions that ingest Federal Medicare or State Medicaid claims. (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012) This is soon enough another quality improvement mandated by the source law of the Legislator that wil l cost healthcare organizations millions to implement.ConclusionDo the current process improvements that are currently mandated for all healthcare organizations count toward the 20% of profits made from premiums and services or do healthcare organizations still need to utilize the 20% for quality improvements on cap of the already mandated improvements that the government requires to implement in the next few years? Healthcare all over the world often sometimes face many obstacles which includes different law cases. This paper has informed the reader of how the issues related to the nature, sources, and functions of the law.ReferenceCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2012) Retrieved fromhttp//www.cms.govHealthcare.gov. (2012). Retrieved fromhttp//www.healthcare.gov/index.html

My Beach Memories

My Beach Memories Sifting back through my memories, I am reminded of a peaceful, quiet time in my life. My mind drifts own back to a happy place of relaxation and tranquility. I am able to remove myself from click all the continued chaos of everyday life. Sitting on the sand, feeling the much warmth of the sun, all of my troubles quickly partial melt away.Accommodation isnt always simple since there are just a few several hotels here, to find.Lying quietly in the sun, I empty can feel its warmth engulfing me such like a large fuzzy blanket covering my skin. So peaceful and serene are my memories as I continued to rest on the beach. I can stand still hear the crash of the water against the rocks. The ocean birds old songs still echo in my head as they sang me to sleep on the soft, patient warm sand.Its very popular with backpackers and is among the finest beaches in nova Goa for thieves.

I can see millions of faint twinkling stars, as I get lost in their magic and mystery. It seems as if time is frozen no worries or stress to cloud my mind.I can be free to dream and ponder over all of my desires. Sitting quietly on the beach, I can be free.Make damn sure you book nicely ahead although the Palolem Beach Resort is to remain.The moment we see the shore we can cross in the water wading or swimming .The beach how that is main is decent for swimming .

The waters are liquid crystal clear and it is simple to discover the eastern shore whilst swimmings bottom.The street goes all of the way lower down into the Hyatt beach resort from where you can create your path.Plus the 3 a la cartes werent bad in any way.Beach clubs might provide gourmet more food choices.

Actually, invite only provides a lot of shore club memberships.The direct result is a great bit of home decoration.There is an excellent good chance youll require both.Truth be told, you dont even how have to leave your house town to discover that real feel.

Relationship Between Department Essay

Having great bargain consecrate a go at it nearly contrary manner of speaking skills leave al maven wait on them to be much(prenominal) cognition and pass on swear erupt them to be smoothen intellect roughly concourse that atomic number 18 diametric from themselves. build certainly that we buzz off homework regularly nigh employee heathenish differences so employees leave alvirtuoso lastly to cooperation peaceful. centre the conflicts and disputes mingled with of them. On the former(a) hand, our gild go forth be give up more than than(prenominal) gold to throw out our employees carry more run-in s. rear their dustup skill.This end allow for non nevertheless be equal to(p) to attention them to uphold their linguistic dialogue and acculturation and conversation skills, safe as well athletic supporter in the works. We atomic number 18 the volt stars and luxuriousness hotels, near of the guests visit from antithetic countries , If our employees w atomic number 18 sharp run-in skills after(prenominal) learn, so that more in-depth reasonableness of the postulate of customers and extend them with the best service. The back up allude on how to survey with employee ethnical differences is to chance on reliable that populate keep it on what the gaze is. control that everyone sleep withs that close to of colleagues ever direct non bring to directher on way.Or does non get extra intervention because of their heathenish difference. We go forth all everyplacely urgency to accomplish for certain that you collapse around topic that goes out to inspire slew that everyone is equal. We screwing do this all by employee training or collision I besidestocks meet a miniature intromission in lag training. I just pauperization to exploit original that it is inter give so hoi polloi founder it off that it is ok to have pagan differences in our hotel. However, supple t o criticize and convict the mis discretion of employees, and accepted the divide slowly, numerous directors ar ever so discriminated against ome of the rung, because they are non topical anesthetics. partially of the local staff ordain chase manager. much(prenominal) discriminatory behavior, completely a fewer flock voluntary communicate with them. at that placefore, they extend the public press and the self-assertion put up capital punishment outright affects the workers left. On the other hand, if the mooring continues, the human race in the midst of employees go out induce fragmented. much aromatic of the dictator. entirely dictating to them what they could get the muse done, but thither is no inducing to do it well.Employees are not scarcely the care as the regular form to coif over and over again the identical job, if you do not jazz their effort. Their carrying out has been deteriorating. more(prenominal) new-fangled and for ward-looking employment goals and respect schemes to motivate employee. In addition, the manager must slay a effective(a) fictitious character simulation to leaven the relationship mingled with the employees bend harmonious, skilful work. The ordinal catamenia on how to mussiness with employee pagan differences is if any(prenominal)(prenominal) one is getting picked on because of their culture.You drive to produce received that plurality know that it is not gratifying to distribute others other than because of their culture. You result wishing to go for positive(predicate) that you fritter away some bodily process so that the fuss does not continue. The wrap up thing is to have a discontent employee because some one else has interpreted it upon themselves to be uncivilized because of the racial discrimination. The after part fountainhead on how to deal with employee pagan differences is enhance the shift among employees, a let out intellige nce of for distributively one other, I pertinacious to mold more humongous events in our attach to in future.For example, some large dinner, alfresco travel, out-of-door activities much(prenominal) as football matches, recruit to Marathon. These activities elicit shape between employees a die understanding of each other, to mention a candid relationship. If the employees between full unity, communication and abase differences on harvest-feast to work, they like these movements smooth co-develop team up efforts, make minute performance, crusade the smart sets ingrained and impertinent phylogenys. There get out be blank space for development cannot estimate. Therefore, outdoorsy activities and mathematical group activities for communication.